This document summarizes the sexual reproduction process in flowering plants. It describes the structure and function of floral parts like sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. It explains that pollen grains produce male gametes and the embryo sac produces egg cells. It defines terms like pollination and outlines methods of pollination. It then discusses fertilization, seed formation, seed structure and classification. It concludes by discussing fruit formation, seedless fruits, and mechanisms of fruit and seed dispersal.
This document summarizes the sexual reproduction process in flowering plants. It describes the structure and function of floral parts like sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. It explains that pollen grains produce male gametes and the embryo sac produces egg cells. It defines terms like pollination and outlines methods of pollination. It then discusses fertilization, seed formation, seed structure and classification. It concludes by discussing fruit formation, seedless fruits, and mechanisms of fruit and seed dispersal.
This document summarizes the sexual reproduction process in flowering plants. It describes the structure and function of floral parts like sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. It explains that pollen grains produce male gametes and the embryo sac produces egg cells. It defines terms like pollination and outlines methods of pollination. It then discusses fertilization, seed formation, seed structure and classification. It concludes by discussing fruit formation, seedless fruits, and mechanisms of fruit and seed dispersal.
This document summarizes the sexual reproduction process in flowering plants. It describes the structure and function of floral parts like sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. It explains that pollen grains produce male gametes and the embryo sac produces egg cells. It defines terms like pollination and outlines methods of pollination. It then discusses fertilization, seed formation, seed structure and classification. It concludes by discussing fruit formation, seedless fruits, and mechanisms of fruit and seed dispersal.
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Sexual Reproduction of the
Flowering Plant Learning objectives (1/4)
State the structure & function of the floral
parts including: Sepal, petal,stamen,carpel) State that the Pollen grain produces male gamete. State that the Embryo sac produces an egg cell & polar nuclei. Define the terms: pollination, self-pollination Outline methods of pollination including: cross-pollination & self pollination Review the plant life cycle
pollen is After fertilization
transferred flower withers
1 3
seeds disperse seeds develop
and germinate in ovary into new plant 4 Structure of the flower Structure of the flower Structure of the flower Petal
Stigma Style Carpel Anther Ovary Stamen Filament
Sepal Ovule Function of floral parts
Sepal : To protect the
flower (and to prevent it from drying out Petals : To attract insects to the flower for pollination Function of floral parts
Stamen : To produce the pollen grains in the anthers. (Each pollen grain produces two male gametes, one of which can fertilise an egg cell) Function of floral parts -Stamen
Anther • Produces pollen
Filament • Holds the anther in place Function of floral parts
Carpel : To produce the ovules (Each ovule contains an egg cell inside an embryo sac) Function of floral parts - Carpel
Stigma • Where pollen lands after pollination
Style • Pollen travels down this
Ovary • Contains ovules Pollination Pollination
Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of
a flower of the same species Pollination
Self pollination Cross pollination
• Transfer of pollen from • Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma the anther to the stigma of the same plant of a different plant of the same species Methods of pollination
Petals brightly coloured, scented with nectaries Small amounts of sticky pollen Anthers inside petals Stigmas sticky, inside petals Adaptations for wind pollination
Petals small, not
coloured brightly Anthers outside petals Stigmas large, feathery and outside petals Pollen Large numbers, light, dry and small Adaptations for wind pollination Fertilisation Fertilisation
Fertilisation is the fusion of the male (n) and
female (n) gametes to produce a zygote (2n) The pollen grain produces the male gametes Embryo sac produces an egg cell and polar nuclei The pollen grain produces the male Embryo sac gametes Embryo sac produces polar nuclei and an egg cell Polar nuclei
Tube Nucleus Mitotic division of generative nucleus to form 2 male gametes
Tube nucleus disintegrates 1 Male gamete fuses with the 2 polar nuclei to form the triploid 1 male gamete endosperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form the diploid zygote 3N endosperm nucleus
Double fertilisation 2N Zygote Seed formation
Endospermic & Non-Endospermic
Monocots & Dicots Seed Formation
• The zygote grows
repeatedly by mitosis to form an embryo • An embryo consists of a plumule (future shoot), a radical (future 3N root) and cotyledons endosperm nucleus (food stores needed for germination) 2N Zygote Seed Formation
• The endosperm nucleus (3N) divides repeatedly to form the endosperm.
This endosperm acts
3N as a food store for the endosperm developing seed nucleus
• e.g. maize 2N Zygote Seed Formation
In non-endospermic seeds the endosperm is used up in the early stages of seed development so the food is stored in the 3N cotyledons endosperm e.g. bean nucleus
2N Zygote Seed Formation Endosperm Food store for developing embryo
Embryo Plumule, radicle, cotyledons
Integuments, becomes the seed coat
Seed Formation If all the endosperm is absorbed by the developing embryo the seed is a non endospermic seed e.g. broad bean Seed Formation If all the endosperm is not absorbed by the developing embryo the seed is an endospermic seed e.g. Maize Seed types and structure
Plumule (immature shoot)
embryo Radicle (immature root)
All seeds Cotyledon (food supply
Seed or seed leaf)
In some seeds
endosperm Food store
Endospermic Seed e.g. Maize Seed coat (testa)
Cotyledon Endosperm
Plumule – will develop into a new shoot
Radicle – will develop
into a new root Non-Endospermic seed e.g. Broad Bean Seed coat (testa)
Cotyledon
Plumule
Radicle Non–endospermic and Endospermic seed
Endosperm
Cotyledon
Plumule
Radicle
e.g. Broad Bean e.g. Maize
Classification of seeds Classified according to two features: 2. Number of cotyledons (Seed leaves) Monocotyledon – one cotyledon E.g. Maize Dicotyledon - Two cotyledons E.g. Broad bean
3. Presence of endosperm Present – Endospermic e.g. maize Absent – Non-endospermic e.g. broad bean Differences between monocots and dicots
Feature Monocot Dicot
Number of 1 2 cotyledons
Venation Parallel Reticulate (Net)
Vascular Bundle Scattered In a ring arrangement Usually in Number of Usually in multiples of 4 or petals multiples of 3 5 Fruit
Fruit formation Seedless fruits Fruit and seed dispersal Fruit Formation
The ovule becomes the seed
The ovary becomes the fruit Fruit Formation
A fruit is a mature ovary that may contain seeds The process of fruit formation is stimulated by growth regulators produced by the seeds Seedless Fruits
Can be formed in two ways
2. Genetically Either naturally or by special breeding programmes e.g. seedless oranges Seedless Fruits
1. Growth regulators e.g. auxins If large amounts of growth regulators are sprayed on flowers fruits may form without fertilisation e.g. seedless grapes Fruit and seed dispersal
Need for dispersal
Minimises competition for light, water etc. Avoids overcrowding
Colonises new areas
Increases chances of survival Types of dispersal 1. Wind 2. Water 3. Animal 4. Self Methods of dispersal
1. Wind Sycamore and ash produce fruit with wings Dandelions and thistles produce fruit with parachute devices Both help the disperse the seeds more widely using wind Methods of dispersal
1. Water Light, air filled fruits that float away on water E.g. coconuts, water lilies Methods of dispersal
1. Animal Edible fruit Animals attracted to bright colours, smells and food Seed passes through digestive system unharmed E.g. strawberries, blackberries, nuts Methods of dispersal
1. Animal Sticky fruit Fruits with hooks that can cling to the hair of an animal and be carried away E.g. burdock, goose grass Methods of dispersal
Self Some fruits explode open when they dry out
and flick the seed away
E.g. peas and beans Dormancy and germination Dormancy (definition)
A resting period when seeds undergo no
growth and have reduced cell activity or metabolism Dormancy (advantages)
Plant avoids harsh
winter conditions Gives the embryo time to develop Provides time for dispersal Application in agriculture and horticulture
Some seeds need a period of cold before
they germinate It may be necessary to break dormancy in some seeds before they are planted for agricultural or horticultural purposes This can be done by placing them in the fridge before they are planted Germination
The re-growth of the
embryo after a period of dormancy, if the environmental conditions are suitable Germination – Factors necessary
Water Oxygen Suitable temperature Germination – Factors necessary
Water Activates the enzymes Medium for germination reactions e.g. digestion Transport medium for digested products Germination – Factors necessary
Oxygen Needed for aerobic respiration
Suitable temperature Allows maximum enzyme activity Events in Germination (detail)
Water is absorbed Food reserves are digested Digested food is moved to the embryo New cells are produced using amino acids Glucose is turned into ATP to drive cell division Radicle breaks through the testa Plumule emerges above ground New leaves begin to photosynthesise Events in Germination Plumule
Radicle
Cotyledon Events in Germination
Plumule
Radicle Germination of broad bean (hypogeal) Germination of broad bean (hypogeal) Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Vegetative Propagation Definition
Asexual reproduction does not involve the manufacture or union of sex cells or gametes e.g. binary fission, fragmentation, spore formation and budding It involves only one parent and offspring are genetically identical (have the same genetic content) to the parent Vegetative Propagation
A form of asexual reproduction in plants
Does not involve gametes, flowers, seeds or fruits Offspring are produced by a single plant (genetically identical to parent) Can happen naturally or it can be done artificially Vegetative Propagation
Natural e.g. runners, tubers, plantlets, bulbs What happens?
Part of the plant becomes separated from the
parent plant and divides by mitosis to grow into a new plant As a result the offspring are genetically identical to the parent Parts of the parent plant may be specially modified for this purpose:
1. Stem 2. Root 3. Leaf 4. Bud 1. Modified Stems
Runners horizontal, running over the soil surface terminal bud of the runner sends up new shoots e.g. strawberry, creeping buttercup. Creeping buttercup Modified Stem (continued)
Stem Tubers swollen underground stem tips buds (eyes) produce new shoots e.g. potato 2. Modified Roots
Root Tuber swollen fibrous roots the tuber stores food, but the new plant develops from a side bud at the base of the old stem e.g. dahlia, lesser celandine Note: Tap Roots e.g. carrot and turnip, are swollen roots for food storage in biennial plants… they are not reproductive organs 3. Modified Leaves
Plantlets Some plants produce plantlets along the edges of the leaves Plantlets reach a certain size, fall off and grow into new plants e.g. Lily, kalanchoe (mother of thousands) 4. Modified Buds
Bulbs A bulb contains an underground stem, reduced in size Leaves are swollen with stored food e.g. onion, daffodil, tulip 4. Modified Buds
Bulbs The main bud (apical bud) will grow into a new shoot) The side buds (lateral buds) will also grow into new shoots Comparison of reproduction by seed (sexual) and by vegetative propagation (asexual) Advantage to seed formation
Sexual (seed) Asexual (vegetative)
No variations – can be Cross pollination ensures advantage in commercial variation (allows evolution) horticulture
All plants are of same species
More resistant to disease susceptible to disease
Dispersal reduces competition Overcrowding and competition
Seeds can remain dormant and No seeds formed – no
survive unfavourable conditions dormancy Advantage to vegetative propagation
Sexual (seed) Asexual (vegetative)
Complex process Simple process
Depends on outside No outside agents
agents for seed dispersal needed Slow growth of young Rapid growth plants to maturity Wasteful e.g. petals, No waste pollen, fruit Vegetative propagation
Artificial used by gardeners to propagate plants e.g. cuttings, layering, grafting and budding Cuttings Parts of a plant (usually shoots) removed from plant allowed to form new roots and leaves rooted in water, well- watered compost, or rooting powder e.g. busy lizzie, geranium Grafting Part of one plant (scion) is removed and attached to a healthy, rooted part of a second plant (stock) Useful qualities from both plants combined into one e.g. rose flower and thorn-less stem e.g. apple trees Layering
A branch of a plant is bent over and pinned to
the earth at a node When roots develop the branch is separated from the parent plant. Useful for the propagation of woody plants e.g. blackberry, gooseberry. Micropropagation (Tissue Culture) (1/3)
Cells removed from
plant and grown as a tissue culture in a special medium Growth regulators and nutrients added so that growing cells form a group of similar cells called a callus Micropropagation (Tissue Culture) (2/3)
Different growth regulators are then added so that
this tissue develops into a plantlet Plantlet can be divided up again to produce many identical plants Entire plant can be grown from a small piece of stem, leaf or root tissue Used in mass production of house plants and crops such as bananas and strawberries Micropropagation (Tissue Culture) (3/3)
Provides a larger number of plants more quickly than cuttings. Can be used to check cells for a particular feature e.g. resistance to chemicals or a particular disease
Get The Technical Director s Toolkit Process Forms and Philosophies for Successful Technical Direction The Focal Press Toolkit Series 1st Edition Zachary Stribling (Author) free all chapters
Get The Technical Director s Toolkit Process Forms and Philosophies for Successful Technical Direction The Focal Press Toolkit Series 1st Edition Zachary Stribling (Author) free all chapters
