System Programming (168913)

Assembler

Mr. M.R.Solanki
Sr. Lecturer,
Infrormation Technology,
SBMP
 Students will be able to:

 Describe the working of an Assembler

 Enlist the list of databases during assembler
passes
 Describe each database used in PASS1 and
PASS2 of an Assembler
 Draw flowcharts of PASS1 and PASS2 phases of
an assembler

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 Assembler
An assembler is a program that accepts an assembly
level program and produces its machine language
equivalent along with information for the loader

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 General Design Procedure for Assembler
1. Specify the Problem
2. Specify Data Structures
3. Define format of Data Structures
4. Specify Algorithm
5. Look for Modularity (capability of one program
to be subdivided into independent programming
units)
6. Repeat 1 through 5 on modules

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 General Design Procedure for Assembler
Statement of Problem

Generate the relative addresses of entire program?

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 General Design Procedure for Assembler
Statement of Problem:

The first pass can not predict the address of

offset so it is indicated by _

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 General Design Procedure for Assembler
Statement of Problem:

As an assembler, we can go back and fill the

offsets as shown in the program

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 General Design Procedure for Assembler
Statement of Problem:
An assembler does the following tasks:
 Generate instructions:
A. Evaluate Mnemonics in the operation field to
produce its machine code
B. Evaluate the subfields: Find the value of each
symbol, process literals and assign addresses
 Process Pseudo ops

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 “NOTE”
#Because Symbols i.e. JHON, FIVE, FOUR, TEMP
are appearing before they are defined, it is
convenient to make two passes over the input

# The First pass has only to define the symbols

# The second pass generates instructions and

addresses

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Statement of Problem:

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Statement of Problem:

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General Design Procedure for Assembler

Statement of Problem:

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General Design Procedure for Assembler

PASS 2 Overview: Evaluate Fields and Generate Code 13

General Design Procedure for Assembler
Data Structure (Databases)-PASS1
Abbrevi Name Working
ation

MOT Machine – Indicates symbolic mnemonic for each

Operation-Table instruction and its length

POT Pseudo- Indicates symbolic mnemonic and action

Operation-Table to be taken for each pseudo-op in PASS 1

ST Symbol Table Stores each label and its corresponding

value
LT Literal Table Stores each literal encountered and its
corresponding assigned location

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Data Structure (Databases) – PASS2
Abbrevi Name Working
ation

MOT Machine – (a) Symbolic mnemonic (b) length (C)

Operation-Table binary machine-opcode (d) format

POT Pseudo- Pseudo-op mnemonic and the action to

Operation-Table be taken in pass2

ST & LT Symbol Table & Prepared by pass 1, containing each

Literal Table label/symbol & literal with its
corresponding value
BT Base Table Registers currently specified as base
registers by USING pseudo-op and
content of this register
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General Design Procedure for Assembler

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Format of Databases: MOT – Pass1 & Pass2

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Format of Databases: POT – Pass1 & Pass2

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Format of Databases: ST - Pass1 & Pass2

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Format of Databases: ST - Pass1 & Pass2
The relative location tells the assembler
whether the value of the symbol is:

• Absolute- “A” (doesn’t change if the program

is moved somewhere else in the core from the
current place)
• Relative – “R” (can change relative to the base
in the core)

NOTE: The symbol with statement having EQU

pseudo-op has always absolute location – “A”
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 “NOTE”

The Format of Literal Table is same as Symbol

Table

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Format of Databases: BT - Pass2

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Assembly Program to demonstrate tables

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Assembly Program to demonstrate tables

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 “NOTE”

* = Present Instruction
Literals are stored in LT when they are
identified in Instructions but their
locations are decided by LTORG when
END pseudo op comes.

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Detailed PASS 1 Flowchart

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Symbol Table

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 “NOTE”

For the symbol having EQU pseudo-op, we have

to put the constant mentioned after EQU in
the symbol table instead of LC value.

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 General Design Procedure for Assembler
Literal Table

The First literal is encountered at statement 11

 Its value will be the first address of literal area
 The last instruction(BR 14) is placed at address 40 . The
next available address is 42 because BR takes 2 bytes (40
and 41)
 The LTORG pseudo-op places the first literal at the
address immediately after the last instruction (BR) by
adding 8 bytes (next double word boundary -8 bytes) that
is at 40+8 = 48
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General Design Procedure for Assembler
PASS2 Task

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
Base Table

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
PASS2 – Generated Code for Program

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
PASS2 – Generated Code for Program

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 “NOTE”
#A card is a unit of information i.e. one statement

#We can add Pseudo-Op START in Flowchart. The

symbol on this statement will be inserted in the
symbol table with present LC location.

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Detailed PASS 2 Flowchart

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General Design Procedure for Assembler
PASS2 – Generated Code for Program

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Any questions?
You can find me at
manish_ratilal2002@yahoo.com

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 Credits
• Systems Programming, John J. Donovan,TMH
• http://www.simotime.com/simoi370.htm
• Floating Point Representation -
https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~eedwards/compsys/float/
• http://www.edwardbosworth.com/My3121Textbook_HTM/MyText3121_Ch09_V
1.htm

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