DESIGN OF MACHINE
TOOL DRIVES
SUBMITTED BY
Mohd Tayyab
2K16/PIE/12
Contents
Introduction
Types of Machine Tools
Rotary Drives
Mechanical Drives
Belt Drive
Chain Drive
Gear Drive
References
Machine Tool Drives
To obtain a machined part by a machine tool, coordinated motions must
be imparted to its working members.
These motions are either primary (cutting and feed) movements, which
removes the chips from the WP or auxiliary motions that are required to
prepare for machining and ensure the successive machining of several
surfaces of one WP or a similar surface of different WPs.
Principal motions may be either rotating or straight reciprocating
Machine Tool Drives
In some machine tools, this motion is a combination of rotating and
reciprocating motions.
Feed movement may be continuous (lathes, milling machine, drilling
machine) or intermittent (shapers, planers).
Stepped motions are obtained using belting or gearing.
Stepless speeds are achieved by mechanical, hydraulic, and electrical
methods.
Machine Tool Drives
Types of Machine Tools
Broadly Classification of transmission of rotary motion
Stepped Speed Drives in Machine Tools
Belting
Pick-Off Gears
Gear boxes
AP &GP for steeping speeds of gears
Structural formula & structural diagrams
Feed gear boxes
Steeples Speed Drives in Machine Tools.
Rotary Drives
Rotary Drives
A few rotary the speeds (N) suffice for special purpose machines that are used
for a few operations, on work pieces of the same size and material. But
general purpose machines, used for a range of work piece sizes and materials,
call for a much wider variation in rotary speeds (N).
The variation can be of two kinds: stepped or steepless. Stepped variation
provides a limited number of fixed rotary speeds.
Stepless variation can provide infinite number of speeds, within the maximum
and minimum values.
R.P.M., in stepless variation. Stepless variation is necessary when there is a
wide variation in the hardness of the workpiece material.
Infinitely variable, stepless drives are generally unsuitable for low-speed,
high-torque applications.
Mechanical Drives
These can be broadly classified as:
1. Positive drives: In these, the driver and the driven elements, mesh with
each other(gears), or with the power transmitting elements (chains).
2. Frictional drives: Belts and clutches rely on friction for power
transmission. There is always a possibility of slip, under high speed (above 30
m/sec in belts), or due to overload.
Timer belts with a toothed profile on the inside, are used for light load. They
provide almost slip-free transmission.
Mechanical Drives
Positive drives are suitable for low-speed (below 6 m/sec), high-torque
applications.
Frictional drives are more convenient and economical for high-speed (above
15 m/sec), low torque applications.
Belt Drives
Flat belts drives can be used for large amount of power transmission and
there is no upper limit of distance between the two pulleys.
Belt conveyer system is one such example.
These drives are efficient at high speeds and they offer quite running.
The driven shaft can be rotated in a direction, opposite to the rotation of the
driving shaft, by crossing flat belt or using 2 idlers
Belt Drives
Belt Drives
BELT DRIVE DESIGN
Chain Drives
Instead of belts, we can use a more compact and positive roller chain and
sprockets if the linear speed is less than 12 m/sec (at the most 20 m/sec) and
transmission ratio is less than 7.
The flexibility of the chain makes the drive shock absorbent.
The number of teeth on the smaller sprocket should not be less than 17
[preferably 21].
Chain Drives
Center distance between the sprockets = C
C min = 20 p or 1.5 D ; C max = 80 P
For high-pulsations load, C = 20 – 30 P
P = Chain roller pitch; D = Bigger sprocket .
Chain Drives
The length of the chain should preferably be equal to an even number of
pitches.
The smaller the chain pitch, and more the number of sprocket teeth; the
smoother will be the chain drive.
Therefore, it is usually more convenient to use a duplex or even triplex chain,
instead of a single big-pitch chain.
Gear Drives
The teeth of the gears engage and intermesh with the teeth of the mating
gears. Spur gears have teeth on the cylindrical portion. When the teeth
are parallel to the axis of rotation, the gears are called straight spur gears
or simply spur gears.
Making the teeth twisted with the gear axis, helical, increases the load
capacity and promotes a smooth, and gradual engagement. Straight and
helical spur gears are used for transmission between parallel shafts.
The teeth usually have involute flanks.
Gear Drives
Gear Drives
Gear Design
References
Joshi P.H., Machine Tools Handbook
NPTEL Lectures
Mehta N.K. ,Machine Tool Design
THANK YOU
