Sedimentation is the process by which suspended solids settle out of water by gravity in sedimentation tanks. There are three main types of sedimentation based on particle concentration. Analysis of sedimentation tanks uses settling column tests to determine particle settling velocities and the effectiveness of sedimentation. Tank sizing calculations consider overflow rate, surface area, depth, detention time, and flow rate to design tanks that allow particles to fully settle out before the water overflows.
Sedimentation is the process by which suspended solids settle out of water by gravity in sedimentation tanks. There are three main types of sedimentation based on particle concentration. Analysis of sedimentation tanks uses settling column tests to determine particle settling velocities and the effectiveness of sedimentation. Tank sizing calculations consider overflow rate, surface area, depth, detention time, and flow rate to design tanks that allow particles to fully settle out before the water overflows.
Sedimentation is the process by which suspended solids settle out of water by gravity in sedimentation tanks. There are three main types of sedimentation based on particle concentration. Analysis of sedimentation tanks uses settling column tests to determine particle settling velocities and the effectiveness of sedimentation. Tank sizing calculations consider overflow rate, surface area, depth, detention time, and flow rate to design tanks that allow particles to fully settle out before the water overflows.
Sedimentation is the process by which suspended solids settle out of water by gravity in sedimentation tanks. There are three main types of sedimentation based on particle concentration. Analysis of sedimentation tanks uses settling column tests to determine particle settling velocities and the effectiveness of sedimentation. Tank sizing calculations consider overflow rate, surface area, depth, detention time, and flow rate to design tanks that allow particles to fully settle out before the water overflows.
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5.
6 SEDIMENTATION Objective
In this lesson we will answer the following
questions: How does sedimentation fit into the water treatment process? To remove the suspended material from water by the action of gravity
Sedimentation tanks can be
rectangular, square or circular in shape. The most common types are rectangular, and circular with centre feed. SEDIMENTATION TANK
Sedimentation Tank Types of particle
a. Discrete / individual particle
-size, velocity are constant during the settling
b. Flocculate particle - size, velocity are changing during the settling - the particles flocculate and grow bigger in size Types of sedimentation
Type 1 sedimentation
- particles concentration is very low
- settle as individual particles - example : sand and grit material removal in wastewater treatment process Type 2 sedimentation
- particles concentration is low
- particles flocculate during settling - example : particles removal in sedimentation tank Type 3 sedimentation / zone sedimentation
- particles concentration is high
- particles tend to settle as a mass and form a layer called “blanket” - distinct clear zone and sludge zone are present - example : secondary sedimentation in wastewater treatment plant Sedimentation Concepts
s - settling velocity o - over flow rate Q H o = = As t
Where Q = flow rate As = surface area H = depth of water t = detention time If s > o , particles will completely settle
If s < o , particles do not settle unless the
particles are at h level when entering the sedimentation tank, where h = s t
To get the effective of sedimentation tank,
o <<< s. This can be achieved by increasing the area of the tank (o = Q/As) Type 2 Sedimentation Analysis
To determine the criteria of the
particles and the effectiveness of the tank
Using settling column
diameter of the column is not important but the depth of the water is same as the actual water depth occur in steady state Method record the initial concentration of the suspended solids, Co withdrawn the sample at every sample ports at selected time intervals, Ct calculate the percent of removal for every sample point and sampling time
C o Ct %R x100 Co plot the %R at depth versus time graph From the analysis, can determine
the effectiveness of the tank at selected
time
o = H t As = Q o Relationship between analysis (column) and actual condition (tank)
- Scale-up factors of 0.65 for overflow
rate and 1.75 for detention time to be used to design the tank. Example 1
Time (t) 5 10 20 40 60 90 120
Depth, m Percent Removal (%R)
0.6 41 50 60 67 72 73 76
1.2 19 33 45 58 62 70 74
1.8 15 31 38 54 59 63 71
Given: Co = 400 mg/L, Overflow rate = 2.7 m3/m2.hour Find the effectiveness of settling column. Solution 1. o = H ti
H 1.8m 60 min . t x 40 min . o 2.7m / m .hr 3 2 1hr
2. Plot the graph (%R at depth (H) vs
Time (t)) 3. The effectiveness of settling column
H 1 ( R1 R2 ) H 2 ( R2 R3 ) H 3 R3 R4 RT H 2 H 2 H 2
0.46 (100 70) 0.55 (70 60) 0.79 (60 54)
1.8 2 1.8 2 1.8 2 66.6% Example 2
Determine the surface area of settling tank
for 0.5 m3/s and find the depth of the clarifier for the overflow rate of 32.5 m/d and detention time of 95 min. A minimum of two tanks is provided, each with a width of 12 m. Solution : Example 3
A rectangular sedimentation tank is to
be designed for a flow of 20 million litre per day using a 2:1 length-width ratio and overflow rate of 24 m3/m2.day. the tank is to be 2 m deep. Determine the dimensions for the tank and the detention time. Solution
Dimensions Q = AV
Q 20000m 3 / day = 833.33 m2
A V 24m 3 / m 2 .day
L:W = 2:1 A = L x W = 2W x W = 2W2 = 833.33 W = 20.41m L = 2W = 2(20.41) = 40.82 m Detention time
2m t= H = Vo 24m 3 / m 2 .day
= 120 min = 0.0833 day
An ideal rectangular sedimentation tank illustration the settling of discrete particles Long rectangular settling basin
