Education in Pakistan
Dr. Waseem Anwar
Contents
PART - I
• Definition of Education
• Constitution of Pakistan
PART – II
• Education Scenario
• Education Policy
2
Definition of Education
The definition of education in common
usage, that education is merely the
delivery of knowledge, skills and
information from teachers to students, is
inadequate to capture what is really
important about being and becoming
educated.
3
The proper definition of education is the
process of becoming an educated person.
Being an educated person means you
have access to optimal states of mind
regardless of the situation you are in.
4
Constitution of Pakistan
5
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan, 1973 – Article 37-b
“The State shall remove illiteracy and
provide free and compulsory
secondary education within
minimum possible period”
6
Concurrent Legislative List:
Curriculum, syllabus, planning,
policy, centers of excellence,
standard of education & Islamic
education
7
PART – II
EDUCATION SCENARIO
8
Human Development Index
Country Ranking
(out of 177 countries)
2005 2006 2007
Iran 99 96 94
Sri Lanka 93 93 99
Maldives 96 98 100
India 127 126 128
Bhutan 134 135 133
Pakistan 135 134 136
Bangladesh 139 137 140
9
Nepal 136 138 142
Literacy Rates
Literacy Definition
(As in 1998 Census)
“The ability of a person who
can read a newspaper and
write a simple letter in any
language”
10
Literacy Rates
• PAKISTAN = 55 % (Male = 67 %,Female = 42%)
Province Literacy Rate
• Punjab= 60.2%
• Sindh = 57.7%
• NWFP = 49.9%
• Balochistan = 48.8%
11
Educational Institutions by Level
Level Total Public Private
Pre-primary 1,081 287 794
Mosque school 14,123 14,035 88
Primary 122,349 105,526 16,823
Middle 38,449 14,334 24,115
Secondary 25,090 10,550 14,540
British System 281 11 270
NFBE 4,831 2,008 2,823
Inter & Degree Colleges 1,882 1,025 857
Universities 116 59 57
Technical/ Professional 1257 426 831
Vocational 3,059 916 2,143
Deeni Madaris 12,153 354 11,799
Others 3,120 2,241 879
12
Institutions by Medium of Instruction
Type # of Institutions Urdu English Sindhi Others
Total 227,791 14806 2277 3416 22779
Public 151,744 103,186 3,035 33,384 12,139
Private 76,047 43,347 21,29 3,521 9,886
13
EDUCATION POLICY OF PAKISTAN
14
Challenges
• Weakened Governance
− Fragmentation
− Lack of Clarity in Inter-Tier Relationships
• Poor Quality of Teachers & Managers
• Quality of curriculum, textbooks & exams
• Low level of literacy
• Out of school children
• Dropouts
15
Challenges
• Public Private Partnership
• In-adequate financing
• Gender Equity
• Poor monitoring & evaluation
• Imbalance in primary, middle & secondary
schools
• Inconvenient school location
16
SALIENT FEATURES OF NATIONAL
EDUCATION PLAN
• Universal and Free Primary and Secondary Education
• Promotion of Equity
• Minimum National Standards
• Relevance to Labour Market
• Sector Planning
• Financial allocation of 7% of GDP by 2018
• Encourage Private sector
• Link Allocations to Definition of Free Education
• Improve Planning, Management and Implementation Capacity
• Donor Harmonisation
• Overcoming Fragmented Governance
17
SALIENT FEATURES OF NATIONAL
EDUCATION PLAN
• Bridging the Public Private Divide
• Improved Examination System
• Introduction of Early Childhood Education (3-5 years) &
inclusive education.
• Achieve the MDG goals.
• All Primary schools shall be upgraded to Middle level
• Well developed plan for expanding school facilities.
• High priority to reducing drop out rates
• Improved school environment
• Career Counselling at higher secondary level
• Develop national literacy curriculum
• Enhance qualifications for employment as teachers
18
SALIENT FEATURES OF NATIONAL
EDUCATION PLAN
• Pre-service & in-service teacher training
• Accreditation and certification of teachers
• Merit based teacher recruitment, professional
development, promotions & postings
• Curriculum development
• Competitive publishing of textbooks and learning
materials
• District Education Boards to be established for
managing schools
• Separate management & academic cadres
19
Allocation of Funds to Education:
Year 2009-10
(Rs. in million)
Non-Development Development Total
1. Ministry of Education 1,824.426 3,122.459 4,946.885
2. Higher Education 7,045.608 9,104.436 16,150.044
Commission
3. Major Projects under Ministry of Education
a. Madaris Reforms (Teaching of formal subjects in Madaris) 1449.000
b. Education Sector Reforms Program 800.00
c. Establishment of 82,000 Community Schools in Pakistan 170.510
AJK and FATA
d. Science Education Project (Phase-II) ADB assisted FCU 84.670
e. National Education Assessment System (NEAS) 71.530
f. Establishment of Cadet College Zhob at Qilla Saifullah 50.000
20 Continue…
(Rs. In million)
g. Establishment of Cadet College Panjgur 50.000
h. Upgradation of FG Secondary Educational Institutions 45.000
to the level of Islamabad Model Colleges
i. Upgradation of FG Elementary Educational Institutions 40.000
to the level of Islamabad Model Schools
j. Establishment of 350 Community Schools in hard to 39.329
reach areas of FATA (NORAD assisted)
21
Future Plans for Education in Pakistan
1. Tripartite Partnership:
The role of family, the community and the State. All
need to be mobilized.
2. Free Education Upto Matriculation:
3. Provision of Free Textbooks:
4. Grant of Scholarships and Incentives to Girl
Students:
5. Availability and Accessibility of Schools
Particularly in Rural Areas.
22 Continue…
6. Teacher’s Status and Recruitment of Female
Teachers:
Better status and pay for teachers.
Experience has demonstrated that schools with female
teachers function well particularly at Primary level.
7. Improvement in Learning Environment:
Better infrastructure through School Management
Councils.
8. Technical / Vocational Education:
It is important to provide demand related skills.
9. Instructional Methods:
Emphasis must be given on development of analytical
23 faculties of the students. Continue…
10. Teachers’ Training and Knowledge:
To improve teachers’ knowledge of the subject
and equip them with a wide repertoire of teaching
skills.
11. English Language:
Introduction of English from Class – I.
Future policy reforms will emphasize the teaching
of science subjects in English at public secondary
schools.
24
Thank You All
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