SISTEM SARAF PUSAT (SSP)
dan
SISTEM SARAF TEPI (SST)
dr. DONNA NOVINA KAHANJAK, M.Biomed
WA/Hp: 085249186300
Email: donnanovinakahanjak@gmail.com
OUTLINE
• Organization of the nervous system
• CNS : brain and spinal cord
• PNS : afferent and efferent division
Organization of the nervous system
Dermatom
Martini _Fundamental of anatomy and physiology 9th pg.428
= daerah kulit yang
dipersyarafi oleh akar
posterior/dorsal dan
ganglionnya.
1. A sensory neuron that delivers sensations to the CNS is often
called a first-order neuron located in a dorsal root ganglion or
cranial nerve ganglion.
2. In the CNS, the axon of that sensory neuron synapses on an
interneuron known as a second-order neuron, which may be
located in the spinal cord or brain stem.
3. If the sensation is to reach our awareness, the second-order
neuron synapses on a third-order neuron in the thalamus. The
right side of the thalamus receives sensory information from the
left side of the body, and the left side of the thalamus receives
sensory information from the right side of the body. The axons of
the third-order neurons ascend without crossing over and synapse
on neurons of the primary sensory cortex of the cerebral
hemisphere.
Somatic Sensory Pathways
• Somatic sensory pathways carry sensory
information from the skin and musculature of
the body wall, head, neck, and limbs.
• Three major somatic sensory pathways:
1. The spinothalamic pathway
2. The posterior column pathway
3. The spinocerebellar pathway.
Martini _Fundamental of anatomy and physiology 9th pg.503
Martini _Fundamental of anatomy and physiology 9th pg.504
Martini _Fundamental of anatomy and physiology 9th pg.505
Visceral Sensory Pathways
• Visceral sensory information is collected by interoceptors monitoring visceral
tissues and organs, primarily within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
• These interoceptors include nociceptors, thermoreceptors, tactile receptors,
baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors.
• The axons of the first-order neurons usually travel in company with autonomic
motor fibers innervating the same visceral structures.
• Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X carry visceral sensory information from the mouth,
palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and associated vessels and glands.
• This information is delivered to the solitary nucleus
• The dorsal roots of spinal nerves T1–L2 carry visceral sensory information
provided by receptors in organs located between the diaphragm and the pelvic
cavity.
• The dorsal roots of spinal nerves S2–S4 carry visceral sensory information from
organs in the inferior portion of the pelvic cavity, including the last segment of the
large intestine, the urethra and base of the urinary bladder, and the prostate
gland (males) or the cervix of the uterus and adjacent portions of the vagina
(females).
• The first-order neurons deliver the visceral sensory information to interneurons
whose axons ascend within the spinothalamic pathway.
The somatic motor system
• Based on their appearance under the
microscope, the muscles in the body can be
described according to two broad categories:
striated and smooth.
• Smooth muscle lines the digestive tract, arteries,
and related structures and is innervated by nerve
fibers from the autonomic nervous system.
• Striated muscle: cardiac and skeletal.
a) Cardiac muscle is heart muscle
b) Skeletal muscle constitutes the bulk of the
muscle mass of the body
Skeletal muscle
• Within each muscle are hundreds of muscle
fibers—the cells of skeletal muscle—and each fiber
is innervated by a single axon branch from the CNS
The Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) and
upper motor neurons (UMN)
• The somatic musculature is innervated by the
somatic motor neurons in the ventral horn of
the spinal cord → called lower motor neurons
to distinguish them from the higher-order
upper motor neurons of the brain that supply
input to the spinal cord.
• Only the lower motor neurons directly
command muscle contraction.
The segmental organization of lower motor neuron
• The axons of lower motor neurons bundle together to form
ventral roots; each ventral root joins with a dorsal root to form a
spinal nerve.
• Because they contain sensory and motor fibers, they are called
mixed spinal nerves.
Alpha Motor Neurons
• Two categories of lower
motor neurons of the spinal
cord: alpha motor neurons
and gamma motor neurons
• Alpha motor neurons
directly trigger force by
muscles.
• One alpha motor neuron
and all the muscle fibers →
the elementary component
of motor control;
Sherrington called it the
motor unit.
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