Calibration involves comparing an instrument's measurements to known standards to detect and correct any deviations from specifications. It is important because instruments provide information to other instruments in control systems, so an uncalibrated instrument will provide inaccurate information. A calibration checklist involves identifying test equipment and points, performing checks at multiple input levels, identifying errors, adjusting if needed, and rechecking. Key terms include accuracy, dead band, drift, hysteresis, and linearity measures.
Calibration involves comparing an instrument's measurements to known standards to detect and correct any deviations from specifications. It is important because instruments provide information to other instruments in control systems, so an uncalibrated instrument will provide inaccurate information. A calibration checklist involves identifying test equipment and points, performing checks at multiple input levels, identifying errors, adjusting if needed, and rechecking. Key terms include accuracy, dead band, drift, hysteresis, and linearity measures.
Calibration involves comparing an instrument's measurements to known standards to detect and correct any deviations from specifications. It is important because instruments provide information to other instruments in control systems, so an uncalibrated instrument will provide inaccurate information. A calibration checklist involves identifying test equipment and points, performing checks at multiple input levels, identifying errors, adjusting if needed, and rechecking. Key terms include accuracy, dead band, drift, hysteresis, and linearity measures.
Calibration involves comparing an instrument's measurements to known standards to detect and correct any deviations from specifications. It is important because instruments provide information to other instruments in control systems, so an uncalibrated instrument will provide inaccurate information. A calibration checklist involves identifying test equipment and points, performing checks at multiple input levels, identifying errors, adjusting if needed, and rechecking. Key terms include accuracy, dead band, drift, hysteresis, and linearity measures.
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 16
CALIBRATION
{ CHAPTER 13 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL CALIBRATION DEFINED - The comparison of an ensemble of unverified uncertainty to a calibration ensemble of quantified uncertainty to detect or correct any deviation from required performance specifications
- Determination of the experimental relationship between the
quantity being measured and the output of the device that measured it; where the quality measured is obtained through a standardizing laboratory
- The process of comparing the response of an instrument to agree
with a standard instrument over the measurement range THE IMPORTANCE OF CALIBRATION -calibration is an essential element of instrument performance that compares instrument inputs and outputs against known standards. Since instruments operate within a larger system in sequential loops, no instrument within such loop can perform its assigned function in the process unless it receives accurate information from other instruments within a loop. An instrument that is not properly calibrated cannot send accurate information to the next instrument or control element in the sequence. ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITY
- Accuracy is the measurement of how closely inputs match outputs.
Instrument accuracy is a function of the difference or deviation between input and output and is typically recorded as a percentage of the signal span.
- Accurate calibration is dependent upon the comparison of
instrument input to output signals. A properly calibrated instrument, therefore, will output a signal; that is 30% of its output span if it is sent an input signal that is 30% of the input span.
ACCURACY = (DEVIATION/SPAN) X 100%
SPAN
- Refers to the difference between upper and lower range limits.
SPAN = UPPER RANGE VALUE – LOWER RANGE VALUE
GAIN
- Gain is normally expressed as a function of signal unit per input unit (e.g. , mA/ psi or mA/’C). A high gain thus restricts input range but a decreased ability to calibrate accurately.
GAIN = SIGNAL SPAN / INPUT SPAN
DEVIATION
- The difference between the value of a specific variable and some desired value, usually a process set point.
DEVIATION = MEASURED OUTPUT – EXPECTED OUTPUT
CALIBRATION CHECKLIST • Identify the function of the instrument in the system and the instrument specifications. • Select the necessary test equipment • Input measurement standard • Output measurement standard • Connect the test equipment/s to the instrument under test. • Determine test points for a five-point check.( 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of instrument span) • Calculate the expected output for each test point. • Perform the five point check upscale and downscale and record the results. • Identify the point of greatest deviation and calculate the accuracy of the instrument. Compare to specifications to determine whether the instruments requires calibration. • Identify the instrument errors if necessary, adjust the zero. • Adjust the span. • Recheck the zero and span [and adjust if necessary.] • Perform another five-point check upscale and downscale and record the results. Calculate final accuracy and compare to instrument specifications. TEST PROCEDURES
-the purpose of the test procedures, as described herein, is to
illustrate and clarify accuracy-related terms. It is intended only that the procedures indicate a generalized method of test.
The test procedures that follow are for the following terms: • Measured accuracy • Dead band • Point drift • Hysteresis • Independent linearity • Terminal based linearity • Zero based linearity • Repeatability • Reproducibility MEASURED ACCURACY
-measured accuracy may be determined from deviation values of a number
of calibration cycles. It is the greatest positive and negative deviation of the recorded values ( from both upscale and downscale output traverse) from the reference or zero deviation line. Measured accuracy may be defined as a plus and minus percent of ideal output span.
DEAD BAND
-maintain test conditions and precondition the test device, the increment through which the input signal is varied (difference between steps 2 and 4) is the dead band. The maximum value is reported. The dead band should be determined at a number of points to make certain that the maximum dead band has been observed. Dead band may be expressed as a percent of input span. POINT DRIFT
-in evaluating the results of this test it is presumed that the dead band is either negligible or of such a nature that it will not affect the value of drift. Point drift is the maximum change in recorded output value observed during the test period. It is expressed in percent of ideal output scan for a specified time period.
HYSTERESIS
-results from the inelastic quality of an element or device. Its effect is
combined with the determined directly from the deviation values. Hysteresis then is determined by subtracting the value of dead band from the corresponding value of hysteresis plus dead band for a given input. The difference may be expressed as a percent of ideal output scan. INDEPENDENT LINEARITY
-independent linearity is the maximum deviation between the
average deviation curve and the straight line. It is determined from the deviation plots of a number of calibration cycles. It is measured in terms of independent nonlinearity as a plus or minus percent of ideal output scan.
TERMNAL BASED LINEARITY
-is the maximum deviation between the average deviation curve and the straight line. It is determined from the deviation plots of a number of calibration cycles. It is measured in terms of terminal based nonlinearity as a plus minus percent of ideal output scan. ZERO-BASED LINEARITY
-is the maximum deviation between the average deviation curve the straight line.it is determined from the deviation plots of a number of calibration cycles. It measured in terms of zero based linearity as a plus or minus percent of ideal outputs.
REPEATABILITY
-repeatability may be determined directly from the deviation values of a
number of calibration cycles. It is the closeness of agreement among a number of consecutive measurements of the output for the same value of input approached from the same direction. Repeatability is the maximum difference in percent deviation observed above and is expressed as a percent of output span.
REPRODUCIBILITY
-is the maximum difference between recorded output values(both upscale and downscale) for a given input value. The difference it expressed as a percent of output span per specified time interval.
