The oil palm was introduced to Malaysia in the 1870s and was commercially planted in 1917. By the 1960s, the Malaysian government began large-scale cultivation of oil palm. Today, Malaysia is the second largest producer of palm oil globally, accounting for over 30% of world production. The oil palm tree is cultivated on plantations, with the palms producing fruit bunches containing palm oil and palm kernel oil. Through breeding programs, palm oil yields have increased substantially over time due to improvements in planting materials and management practices.
The oil palm was introduced to Malaysia in the 1870s and was commercially planted in 1917. By the 1960s, the Malaysian government began large-scale cultivation of oil palm. Today, Malaysia is the second largest producer of palm oil globally, accounting for over 30% of world production. The oil palm tree is cultivated on plantations, with the palms producing fruit bunches containing palm oil and palm kernel oil. Through breeding programs, palm oil yields have increased substantially over time due to improvements in planting materials and management practices.
The oil palm was introduced to Malaysia in the 1870s and was commercially planted in 1917. By the 1960s, the Malaysian government began large-scale cultivation of oil palm. Today, Malaysia is the second largest producer of palm oil globally, accounting for over 30% of world production. The oil palm tree is cultivated on plantations, with the palms producing fruit bunches containing palm oil and palm kernel oil. Through breeding programs, palm oil yields have increased substantially over time due to improvements in planting materials and management practices.
The oil palm was introduced to Malaysia in the 1870s and was commercially planted in 1917. By the 1960s, the Malaysian government began large-scale cultivation of oil palm. Today, Malaysia is the second largest producer of palm oil globally, accounting for over 30% of world production. The oil palm tree is cultivated on plantations, with the palms producing fruit bunches containing palm oil and palm kernel oil. Through breeding programs, palm oil yields have increased substantially over time due to improvements in planting materials and management practices.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO PALM OIL TECHNOLOGY Topics Oil Palm Oil Palm Industry in Malaysia Oil Palm Plantation Varieties of Oil Palm Products Derived from Palm Oil Oil Palm Industry in Malaysia The oil palm was introduced by the British colonisers to Malaya as an 1870s ornamental plant (pokok hiasan).
Henri Fauconnier, a French rubber and coffee planter, saw its potential as a 1917 cash crop and commercially planted oil palm in Tennamaram Estate, Bestari Jaya, (formerly known as Batang Berjuntai), Selangor.
19th Industrial revolution. The demand for palm oil as a lubricant for steam engines century and other machinery encouraged British conglomerates in Malaya to replace rubber with oil palm on their plantations. Oil Palm Industry in Malaysia 1925 3,350 hectares (approx.) of oil palm had been grown in various parts of Malaya and the acreage increased to about 20,000 hectares by World War II.
Malaysian Government began large scale cultivation of oil palm under an agricultural scheme 1960s aimed at eradicating poverty and improving the living standards of landless farmers.
1970s The refining of crude palm oil started.
End of Malaysia had become the largest producer and exporter of palm oil, accounting 2004 for 11% and 26% respectively of the world's production and export. Oil Palm Industry in Malaysia Today the palm oil produced goes into food applications as well as key ingredients in non-food applications such as soaps, candles, lubricants and cosmetics
The industry provides employment to more than half a million people
and livelihood to an estimated one million people.
Useful video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmkdvGuw2mI
Oil Palm Scientific Classification • Kingdom: Plantae • Division: Magnoliophyta • Class: Liliopsida • Order: Arecales • Family: Arecaceae • Genus: Elaeis • Species: Elaeis guineensis Oil Palm Plantation •Physical Characteristics of Oil Palm Tree • Mature trees are single-stemmed, and grow to 10-15 m tall. • The leaves are pinnate, and reach between 3 - 5 m long. • A young tree produces about 30 leaves a year. • Established trees over 10 years produce about 20 leaves a year. Oil Palm The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis jacq.) is a species of palm that originates from West Africa in particular the area between Angola and Gambia.
It is a perennial plant, tropical tree crop that starts bearing fruits in
large bunches, weighing between 5-30kg each, after 30 months of field planting.
The oil palm fruitlets from the bunches (known as fresh fruit bunches) are unique as each produces two types of edible vegetable oil; palm oil from the mesocarp (flesh of the fruit) and palm kernel oil from the kernel (seed). Both are edible oils but with very different chemical compositions, physical properties and applications. Oil Palm Each fruit bunch will produce 20-25% oil at the mill. For every 10 tonnes of palm oil produced at the mill, 1 tonne of palm kernel oil is produced when the kernel is crushed.
The oil palm keeps producing the fruit bunches until the end of its economic lifespan of between 25-30 years. This remarkable agronomic characteristic allows the oil palm to provide a consistent and uninterrupted supply of vegetable oils to meet ever-increasing global demand. Oil Palm Plantation •Physical Characteristics of Oil Palm Tree (cont.) • Oil palm is a crop that bears both male and female flowers on the same tree, meaning they are monoecious • The flowers are produced in dense clusters; each individual flower is small, with three sepals and three petals. • The trunks of young and adult plants are wrapped in fronds which give them a rather rough appearance. • The older trees have smoother trunks apart from the scars left by the fronds which have withered and fallen off. Male inflorescences
Macroscopic views of oil palm inflorescences: (A) mature female
inflorescence, (B) mature male inflorescence. Scale bars ¼ 10 Female inflorescences cm. • Thefruit of oil palm is oval-shaped drupe and pointed at the apex, weight : 3- 25 g ).
• The fruit found in bunches that are attached
to the crown of the tree through stalk and is borne tightly clustered in large bunches.
Appear as dark red when ripped
Oil palm fruits
Unripe fruit – appear as blue black Matured fruit– appear as orange-red
• The palm bears its fruit in bunches varying in weight from 10 kg to 40 kg. • There are three major oil palm types:
Types of oil Mesocarp Shell Kernel
palm (Endocarp) Dura Thin (35 – 2-8 mm Large 55% of thick kernel fruit weight) Pesifera Thick No Small mesocarp endocarp kernel (95% of (shell-less) fruit weight)
Tenera Mesocarp 0.5 – 3 mm Reasonable
60 – 95% thin kernel size thick endocarp Variety of Oil Palm Dura Tenera Pisifera (no shell) - (thick shell - mother) (thin shell- offspring) father Oil Palm Plantation •The time oil palm fruits start flowering to harvesting is 5 to 6 months. •Harvesting commences between 24 to 30 month after field planting, depending on the soil type and agronomic and management inputs. •Will continue to be productive for the next 20 to 30 years thus ensuring a consistent supply of oil. •Unlike other relatives, the oil palm does not produce offshoots; propagation is by sowing the seeds. Oil Palm Plantation •1st oil palm plantations were established in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia in early 20th century. •The yield of oil palm has increased due to breeding and selection, environment, improvement in cultivation and management practices. Oil Palm Plantation • The oil palm plantations in Malaysia are largely based on the estate management system and smallholders scheme. • Today, over 4 million hectares of land in Malaysia is under oil palm cultivation producing 15 million tons of palm oil. • In Malaysia, the trees planted are mainly the tenera variety, a hybrid between the dura and pisifera. • The tenera variety yields about 4 to 5 tons of crude palm oil (CPO) per hectare per year and about 1 ton of palm kernels. Oil Palm Plantation •Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand are the important areas of oil palm cultivation in South East Asia, which produce about 80% of the world’s palm oil (Gopal, 2001). •Indonesia accounted for 49% of the production, followed by Malaysia 32%, and the others (Colombia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea), the remainder. •Presently, oil palm account for 13% of the total world production of oils and fats and is expected to overtake soybean oil as the most important vegetable oil (Sambanthamurthi et al., 2000). Oil Palm Plantation Table 1. Improvements in Palm Oil Yield Over Time
Source: Lai et al., 2012 • From table 1. Estimates of potential oil yield have increased from 12 t ha-1 yr-1 to 18.5 t ha-1 yr-1 due to renewed analysis, improvements in planting materials and other factors. • Variations in yield are a result of a combination of few factors such as genetic, environmental and managerial. Oil Palm Plantation Figure 1.1 Factors of variations in yield
pisifera : no shell, patterns : regular dry management :regular tenera : thin shell. period contributed to foliar, soil nutrient • Tenera replaced dura lower yield. analysis, usage of palm by hybrids of dura and • Pollinating weevil; oil mill byproducts as pisifera for higher oil Elaeidobius source of nutrients and yield. kamerunicus organic matter ~increased average • Improve harvesting bunch weights, oil and milling technology content and oil yield Effectiveness of the oil palm pollinating weevil, Elaeidobius kamerunicus • Oil palm - Each tree bears male and female flowers, on separate inflorescences, requiring pollen to be transferred by wind or insects. • In the beginning, oil palm plantations in Malaysia relied mainly on wind pollination. • There were natural Malaysian oil palm insect pollinators, Thrips hawaiiensis and Pyroderces sp. But these were found to be inefficient (Wahid & Kamarudin, 1997). • To improve the yield, hand pollination was developed and the collection, processing and trade in oil palm pollen became a thriving sub-industry within the oil palm industry until the introduction of the weevil Elaeidobius kamerunensis. • Elaeidobius kamerunensis - most abundant in both wet and dry seasons. It was also found to have the highest capacity for pollen cartage of all pollinators. •Oil Palm Cultivation Propagation • Selection and germination of oil palm seeds under well-controlled condition. • These seeds are planted in nurseries for 11 months (intensive care) before planting in the field.
Nursery management • Preparation of land – clearing, loosening of soil • Construction of roads and drains • Installation of irrigation system
Nurturing seeds and seedlings
• Germinated seeds – adequate irrigation, fertilization, remedial treatment when required • Seedling maintenance – shelter, labeling and marking •Oil Palm Cultivation (Cont.) Watering (irrigation) • Providing a consistent, adequate and efficient watering • Overhead Sprinkler System – favourable choice
Infrastructures • Roads network – main road, subsidiary road and parameter roads • Good and properly prepared drainage system to avoid flood
• Biological control agent in pest management • Pheromone trapping - trapping adult beetles (Oryctes sp) & Owls for rat control
Harvesting of FFB • 30 months after planting reaches maturity in 3 years, at intervals of 7 to 10 days throughout the palm's economic life which may vary from 20 to 30 years • Mechanized devices (MPOB) : Harvesting Machine, the Mechanized Sickle and Tuah Chop Cutter
Transportation and handling
• Immediately send the fruits for process, minimize FFB injuring for highest oil quality • Avoid contamination of fruit with dust of earth during collection Products derived from Palm Oil •From a typical palm oil mill; • Crude palm oil (CPO) • Palm kernel •From a typical palm oil refinery plant; • RBD palm oil •From kernel crushing plant; • Crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) • RBD palm kernel oil Products derived from Palm Oil The oil palm fruit bunch produces two types of oil, “palm oil” from the mesocarp (20%) and “palm kernel oil” from the kernel (3%). Products containing Palm Oil • Edible • Cooking oil, margarine, shortening, ice cream, vegetable ghee etc • Non-edible • Soap, shampoo, detergent, lipsticks, lipbalm etc Palm oil industry in Malaysia/World • Palm and kernel oil, with the production of about 51 millions tons worth about
46 dollar billion in 2009/2010, dominates the international edible oil trade (Oil World Annual, 2010). It is produced from about 13 million ha. of plantations.
• The main market are China, India, European Union and Pakistan with increasing interest shown by other developing countries. CONCLUSION The unique composition of palm oil contributes towards its versatility and stability, making it the oil of choice for various food applications
