Introduction to Computers
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What Is A Computer?
A computer is an electronic device, operating
under the control of instructions (software)
stored in its own memory unit, that can
accept data (input), manipulate data
(process), and produce information (output)
from the processing. Generally, the term is
used to describe a collection of devices that
function together as a system.
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Devices that comprise a computer system
Monitor Speaker
(output) (output) System unit
(processor, memory…)
Printer
(output)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)
Mouse
(input)
Scanner Keyboard
(input) (input)
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What Does A Computer Do?
Computers can perform four general
operations, which comprise the information
processing cycle.
Input
Process
Output
Storage
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What Do Computers Do?
Input, Process, Output, & Store
data
Input Process Output
Store Data
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Data and Information
All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of
raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the
input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information. Information
is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
During the output Phase, the information that has been created
is put into some form, such as a printed report.
The information can also be put in computer storage for future
use.
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Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
The ability to perform the information
processing cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate).
Accuracy.
Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information.
Ability to communicate with other computers.
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How Does a Computer Know
what to do?
It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a compute program or software,
that tells it exactly what to do.
Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that job
must be stored in memory.
Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.
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What Are The Primary
Components Of A Computer ?
Input devices.
Central Processing Unit
(containing the control
unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
Memory.
Output devices.
Storage devices.
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Uses of Computer
PC at Home
Common uses for the computer within the home
Computer games
Working from Home
Banking from Home
Connecting to the Web
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Uses of Computer
Office Applications
Stock Control
Stock control is ideal for automation and in many
companies it is now completely computerized. The
stock control system keeps track of the number of
items in stock and can automatically order
replacement items when required.
Accounts / Payroll
In most large organizations the accounts are
maintained by a computerized system. Due to the
repetitive nature of accounts a computer system is
ideally suited to this task and accuracy is
guaranteed.
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Uses of Computer
Automated Production Systems
Many car factories are almost completely automated and
the cars are assembled by computer-controlled robots. This
automation is becoming increasingly common throughout
industry.
Design Systems
Many products are designed using CAD (Computer Aided
Design) programs to produce exact specifications and
detailed drawings on the computer before producing
models of new products.
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Uses of Computer
Computers in Daily Life
Accounts
Games
Educational
On-line banking
Smart ID cards
Supermarkets
Working from home (Tele-working)
Internet
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History of Computers
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Computer System
A computer system consists of three primary
units:
Input units – accept data
Processor unit – processes data by performing
comparisons and calculations
Output units – present the results
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COMPUTER SYSTEM
MONITOR
PROCESSOR
KEYBOARD
Storage
devices
PRINTER
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Input Devices
Data are facts, numbers and characters that are
entered into the computer via keyboard.
Other types of input devices are mouse,
joystick, light pens, scanners, camera, etc.
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Computer Input Devices
Keyboard Touch screen
Mouse/Trackball Bar code reader
Joystick Scanner
Light pen Microphone
Pointing Stick Graphics Tablet
Touchpad Digital Cameras
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Processor Unit
Two main parts:
CPU – where the actual processing
takes place; and
Main memory – where data are
stored.
The contents of main memory can be
transferred to auxiliary storage devices
such as hard disks, floppy diskettes, zip
disks, compact disks, or USB flash disk.
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Memory
Found on the motherboard
Short term
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Long term
Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Random Access Memory (RAM)
Memory on the motherboard that is short
term; where data, information, and
program instructions are stored
temporarily on a RAM chip or a set of RAM
chips. Known as the main memory.
This memory is considered volatile.
The computer can read from
and write to RAM.
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When the computer is turned off or if
there is loss of power, what ever is
stored in RAM disappears.
“Temporary Memory” – Short Term
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Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Memory on the motherboard that is
long term; where the specific
instructions that are needed for the
computer to operate are stored.
This memory is nonvolatile and
your computer can only read from
a ROM chip.
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The instructions remain on the chip
regardless if the power is turned on
or off.
Most common is the BIOS ROM;
where the computer uses instructions
contained on this chip to boot or
start the system when you turn on
your computer.
“Permanent Memory” – Long
Term
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Output Unit
After the data has been
processed, the results are output
in the form of useful information.
Output units such as monitors
and printers make the result
accessible for use by people.
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Computer Output Devices
Monitor: screen that Speakers: allow you
display information such to hear voice,
music, and other
as text, numbers, and
sounds from your
pictures-softcopy. computer.
Printer: gives you Modem: allows you
information from the to use your
computer in printed form computer to
– hardcopy. communicate with
other computers.
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Types of Computers
Types of
Computers
Microcomputer Minicomputer Mainframe Supercomputer
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Microcomputer
Can be classified into:
Desktop PCs
sits on desks, rarely moved, large and bulky.
Memory capacity, graphics capacity and
software availability vary from one computer to
another Used both for business and home
applications
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Microcomputer
Portable PCs
Can be moved easily from place to place
Weight may varies
Small PCs are popular known as laptop
Widely used by students, scientist, reporters,
etc
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Microcomputer Model
Desktop Laptop Notebook
Subnotebook Palmtop
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Microcomputer
Advantages
Small size
Low cost
Portability
Low Computing Power
Commonly used for personal applications
Disadvantages
Low processing speed
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Uses of Microcomputer
Word Processing
Home entertainment
Home banking
Printing
Surfing the internet
etc
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Minicomputer
Medium sized computer
Also called the minis
e.g. IBM36, HP9000, etc
Computing power lies between
microcomputer and mainframe
computer
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MiniComputer
Characteristics
Bigger size than PCs
Expensive than PCs
Multi-User
Difficult to use
More computing power than PCs
Used by medium sized business organizations,
colleges, libraries and banks.
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Uses of Minicomputer
Control of Automated Teller Machine
(ATMs)
Payroll
Hospital patients registration
Inventory Control for supermarket
Insurance claims processing
Small bank accounting and customer
details tracking
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Minicomputer
Advantage
Cater to multiple users
Lower costs than mainframes
Disadvantage
Large
Bulky
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Mainframe
Known as enterprise
servers
Occupies entire rooms or
floors
Used for centralized
computing
Serve distributed users and
small servers in a computing
network
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Main Frame
Large, fast and expensive computer
Cost millions of dollar
e.g. IBM3091, ICL39, etc
Characteristics:
Bigger in size than minicomputers
Very expensive
Support a few hundred users simultaneously (Multi-Users)
Difficult to use
More computing power than minicomputers
Have to be kept in a special air-conditioned room
Used in big business organizations and government
departments
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Areas where mainframes are used
Airline reservation
Big banks with hundreds of branches located all over
the world
Big universities with thousands of enrollment
Natural gas and oil exploration companies
Space Vehicle control
Weather forecasting
Animated Cartoon
Some mainframes are designed to be extremely fast
and called super computers. It is used for space
launching, monitoring and controlling.
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Mainframe
Advantage
Supports many users and instructions
Large memory
Disadvantage
Huge size
Expensive
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Supercomputer
Fastest and expensive
Used by applications for
molecular chemistry, nuclear
research, weather reports,
and advanced physics
Consists of several computers
that work in parallel as a
single system
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Super Computer
Advantage
Speed
Disadvantage
Generate a large
amount of heat
during operation
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Input Devices
Keyboard.
Mouse.
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The Parts of a Computer System
• A complete computer system includes four distinct
parts:
Hardware
Software
Firmware
User
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A computer's hardware consists of electronic
devices; the parts you can see and touch.
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HD
track
sector
head
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Optical Discs
Use laser technology to read and write
data on silver platters
Compact Disk (CD) can store 650MB to
800MB of information and data. CD-
ROM (Read Only Memory) can only read
data from a CD-ROM.
You can store data on a CD only if you
have a CD Burner and CD-R (writable)
or CD-RW (rewritable) CD.
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DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) is the size
of a regular CD and can be played in
a regular in a DVD movie player.
DVD can store 4.8GB to 8.0GB of
information and data. DVD-ROM is
readable only (a movie DVD).
You can store data on a DVD only if
you have a DVD Burner and
DVD+R/DVD-R (writable)
or DVD-RW
(rewritable) DVD.
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PC Subsystems
Motherboard – The main circuit board
of a microcomputer
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Bringing the Machine to Life –
What is Software?
• Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the
computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions
is often called a program.
• When a computer is using a particular program, it is
said to be running or executing the program.
• The two most common types of programs are system
software and application software.
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Bringing the Machine to Life –
System Software
• System software exists primarily for the computer
itself, to help the computer perform specific
functions.
• One major type of system software is the operating
system (OS). All computers require an operating
system.
• The OS tells the computer how to interact with the
user and its own devices.
• Common operating systems include Windows, the
Macintosh OS, OS/2, and UNIX .
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Bringing the Machine to Life - Applications
• Application Software consists of programs that tell a
computer how to produce information
• Application software tells the computer how to
accomplish tasks the user requires, such as creating
a document or editing a graphic image.
• Some important kinds of application software are:
Word processing programs Spreadsheet software
Database management Presentation programs
Graphics programs Networking software
Web design tools and browsers Internet applications
Communications programs Utilities
Entertainment and education Multimedia authoring
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Firmware
Firmware are programs that are
permanently written and stored in
memory
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Computer Software
Computer software is the key to
productive use of computers.
Software can be categorized into
two types:
Operating system software
Application software.
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Operating System Software
Operating system software tells the computer
how to perform the functions of loading,
storing and executing an application and how
to transfer data.
Today, many computers use an operating
system that has a graphical user interface
(GUI) that provides visual clues such as icon
symbols to help the user. Microsoft Windows
98 is a widely used graphical operating
system. DOS (Disk Operating System) is an
older but still widely used operating system
that is text-based. 157
Application Software
Application Software consists of programs
that tell a computer how to produce
information. Some of the more commonly
used packages are:
Word processing
Electronic spreadsheet
Database
Presentation graphics
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Word Processing
Word Processing software is used to create and print
documents. A key advantage of word processing
software is that users easily can make changes in
documents.
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Electronic Spreadsheets
Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to
add, subtract, and perform user-defined calculations
on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers
can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly
recalculates the new results.
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Database Software
Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in
an organized and efficient manner, with flexible
inquiry and reporting capabilities.
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Presentation Graphics
Presentation graphic software allows the user to
create documents called slides to be used in making
the presentations. Using special projection devices,
the slides display as they appear on the computer
screen.
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