Multithreaded Programming

in Java

1
 Agenda

 Introduction
 Thread Applications
 Defining Threads
 Java Threads and States
 Examples

2
 A single threaded program

class ABC
{
….
public void main(..) begin

{
… body

..
end
}
}

3
A Multithreaded Program

Main Thread

start
start start

Thread A Thread B Thread C

Threads may switch or exchange data/results

4
 Web/Internet Applications:
Serving Many Users Simultaneously

PC client

Internet
Server
Local Area Network

PD
A
5
Multithreaded Server: For Serving
Multiple Clients Concurrently

Client 1 Process Server Process

Server
Threads
 Internet

Client 2 Process

6
 Modern Applications need Threads (ex1):
Editing and Printing documents in background.
Printing Thread

Editing Thread

7
Multithreaded/Parallel File Copy

reader()
{ writer()
- - - - - - - - - buff[0] {
- - - - - - - - - - -
lock(buff[i]); lock(buff[i]);
read(src,buff[i]); buff[1]
write(src,buff[i]);
unlock(buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]);
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- }
}

Cooperative Parallel Synchronized

Threads
8
 Levels of Parallelism
Code-Granularity
Code Item
Sockets/ Task i-l Task i Task i+1 Large grain
PVM/MPI (task level)
Program

func1 ( ) func2 ( ) func3 ( )

{ { { Medium grain
.... ....
Threads .... ....
....
....
(control level)
} } }
Function (thread)

Fine grain
a ( 0 ) =.. a ( 1 )=.. a ( 2 )=.. (data level)
Compilers b ( 0 ) =.. b ( 1 )=.. b ( 2 )=..
Loop (Compiler)

Very fine grain

CPU + x Load (multiple issue)
With hardware
9
 Single and Multithreaded
Processes
threads are light-weight processes within a process

Single-threaded Process Multiplethreaded Process

Threads of
Execution

Single instruction stream Multiple instruction stream

Common
Address Space

10
Multithreading - Multiprocessors

Process Parallelism

CPU
P1

P2 CPU

P3 CPU

time

No of execution process more the number of CPUs

11
Multithreading on Uni-processor

 Concurrency Vs Parallelism
 Process Concurrency

P1

P2 CPU

P3

time

Number of Simultaneous execution units > number of CPUs

12
 What are Threads?

 A piece of code that run in concurrent with

other threads.
 Each thread is a statically ordered sequence of
instructions.
 Threads are being extensively used express
concurrency on both single and
multiprocessors machines.
 Programming a task having multiple threads of
control – Multithreading or Multithreaded
Programming.
13
 Java Threads

 Java has built in thread support for

Multithreading
 Synchronization
 Thread Scheduling
 Inter-Thread Communication:
 currentThread start setPriority
 yield run getPriority
 sleep stop suspend
 resume
 Java Garbage Collector is a low-priority thread

14
 Threading Mechanisms...
 Create a class that extends the Thread class
 Create a class that implements the Runnable
interface

15
 1st method: Extending Thread
class
 Threads are implemented as objects that
contains a method called run()
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
// thread body of execution
}
}
 Create a thread:
MyThread thr1 = new MyThread();
 Start Execution of threads:
thr1.start();
16
 An example
class MyThread extends Thread { // the thread
public void run() {
System.out.println(" this thread is running ... ");
}
} // end class MyThread

class ThreadEx1 { // a program that utilizes the thread

public static void main(String [] args ) {
MyThread t = new MyThread();
// due to extending the Thread class (above)
// I can call start(), and this will call
// run(). start() is a method in class Thread.
t.start();
} // end main()
} // end class ThreadEx1

17
 2nd method: Threads by
implementing Runnable interface
class MyThread implements Runnable
{
.....
public void run()
{
// thread body of execution
}
}
 Creating Object:

MyThread myObject = new MyThread();

 Creating Thread Object:

Thread thr1 = new Thread( myObject );

 Start Execution:

thr1.start();

18
 An example
class MyThread implements Runnable {
public void run() {
System.out.println(" this thread is running ... ");
}
} // end class MyThread

class ThreadEx2 {
public static void main(String [] args ) {
Thread t = new Thread(new MyThread());
// due to implementing the Runnable interface
// I can call start(), and this will call run().
t.start();
} // end main()
} // end class ThreadEx2

19
 Life Cycle of Thread

new
wait()
start() sleep()
suspend()
blocked
runnable non-runnable

notify()
stop()
slept
resume()
dead unblocked

20
A Program with Three Java Threads

 Write a program that creates 3 threads

21
 Three threads example
 class A extends Thread
 {
 public void run()
 {
 for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
 {
 System.out.println("\t From ThreadA: i= "+i);
 }

 System.out.println("Exit from A");

 }

 }

 class B extends Thread

 {
 public void run()
 {

 for(int j=1;j<=5;j++)
 {
 System.out.println("\t From ThreadB: j= "+j);
 }

 System.out.println("Exit from B");

 }

 } 22
 class C extends Thread
 {
 public void run()
 {

 for(int k=1;k<=5;k++)
 {
 System.out.println("\t From ThreadC: k= "+k);
 }

 System.out.println("Exit from C");

 }

 }

 class ThreadTest
 {
 public static void main(String args[])

 {
 new A().start();
 new B().start();
 new C().start();

 }

 }

23
 Run 1
 [raj@mundroo] threads [1:76] java ThreadTest
From ThreadA: i= 1
From ThreadA: i= 2
From ThreadA: i= 3
From ThreadA: i= 4
From ThreadA: i= 5
Exit from A
From ThreadC: k= 1
From ThreadC: k= 2
From ThreadC: k= 3
From ThreadC: k= 4
From ThreadC: k= 5
Exit from C
From ThreadB: j= 1
From ThreadB: j= 2
From ThreadB: j= 3
From ThreadB: j= 4
From ThreadB: j= 5
Exit from B

24
 Run2
 [raj@mundroo] threads [1:77] java ThreadTest
From ThreadA: i= 1
From ThreadA: i= 2
From ThreadA: i= 3
From ThreadA: i= 4
From ThreadA: i= 5
From ThreadC: k= 1
From ThreadC: k= 2
From ThreadC: k= 3
From ThreadC: k= 4
From ThreadC: k= 5
Exit from C
From ThreadB: j= 1
From ThreadB: j= 2
From ThreadB: j= 3
From ThreadB: j= 4
From ThreadB: j= 5
Exit from B
Exit from A

25
 Process Parallelism
 int add (int a, int b, int & result)
 // function stuff
 int sub(int a, int b, int & result) Data
 // function stuff Processor
IS1 a
add
pthread t1, t2;
b
pthread-create(&t1, add, a,b, & r1); r1
Processor
pthread-create(&t2, sub, c,d, & r2); c
pthread-par (2, t1, t2); IS2
sub d
r2
MISD and MIMD Processing
26
 Data Parallelism
 sort( int *array, int count) Data
 //......
Processor
 //...... do
Sort
“
pthread-t, thread1, thread2; “
“ IS
“ dn/2
pthread-create(& thread1, sort, array, N/2);
pthread-create(& thread2, sort, array, N/2); Processor
pthread-par(2, thread1, thread2);
dn2/+1
Sort “
“
dn
SIMD Processing
27
 Next Class

 Thread Synchronisation
 Thread Priorities

28
Accessing Shared Resources

 Applications Access to Shared Resources

need to be coordinated.
 Printer (two person jobs cannot be printed at
the same time)
 Simultaneous operations on your bank
account

29
Online Bank: Serving Many Customers
and Operations

PC client

Internet Bank
Server
Local Area Network

Bank
Database PD
A
30
 Shared Resources

 If one thread tries to read the data and other

thread tries to update the same date, it leads to
inconsistent state.
 This can be prevented by synchronising access
to data.
 In Java: “Synchronized” method:
 syncronised void update()
 {
 …
 }

31
 the driver: 3rd Threads sharing
the same object
class InternetBankingSystem {
public static void main(String [] args ) {
Account accountObject = new Account ();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyThread(accountObject));
Thread t2 = new Thread(new YourThread(accountObject));
Thread t3 = new Thread(new HerThread(accountObject));
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
// DO some other operation
} // end main()
}

32
 Program with 3 threads
and shared object
class MyThread implements Runnable {
Account account;
public MyThread (Account s) { account = s;}
public void run() { account.deposit(); }
} // end class MyThread

class YourThread implements Runnable {

Account account;
public YourThread (Account s) { account = s;
} accoun
public void run() { account.withdraw(); } t
} // end class YourThread

class HerThread implements Runnable {

Account account;
public HerThread (Account s) { account = s; }
public void run() {account.enquire(); }
} // end class HerThread 33
Monitor (shared object) example
class Account { // the 'monitor'
// DATA Members
int balance;

// if 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable

public synchronized void deposit( ) {
// METHOD BODY : balance += deposit_amount;
}

public synchronized void withdraw( ) {

// METHOD BODY: balance -= deposit_amount;
}
public synchronized void enquire( ) {
// METHOD BODY: display balance.
}
}

34
 Thread Priority

 In Java, each thread is assigned priority, which

affects the order in which it is scheduled for
running. The threads so far had same default
priority (ORM_PRIORITY) and they are served
using FCFS policy.
 Java allows users to change priority:
 ThreadName.setPriority(intNumber)
 MIN_PRIORITY = 1
 NORM_PRIORITY=5
 MAX_PRIORITY=10

35
 Thread Priority Example
class A extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("Thread A started");

for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
System.out.println("\t From ThreadA: i= "+i);
}

System.out.println("Exit from A");

}

class B extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("Thread B started");

for(int j=1;j<=4;j++)
{
System.out.println("\t From ThreadB: j= "+j);
}

System.out.println("Exit from B");

}

36
 Thread Priority Example
class C extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("Thread C started");

for(int k=1;k<=4;k++)
{
System.out.println("\t From ThreadC: k= "+k);
}
System.out.println("Exit from C");
}
}
class ThreadPriority
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A threadA=new A();
B threadB=new B();
C threadC=new C();

threadC.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
threadB.setPriority(threadA.getPriority()+1);
threadA.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);

System.out.println("Started Thread A");

threadA.start();

System.out.println("Started Thread B");

threadB.start();

System.out.println("Started Thread C");

threadC.start();

System.out.println("End of main thread");

}
} 37