Data Analysis and
discussion
ORGANIZING AND ANANLYZING
Presented by: Dalel Nasri Kalboussi
Outline:
Data analysis: definition
Methods of collecting data
Organizing Data
Analyzing data
Data Analysis
A crucial part of every research
is the process of making sense out of the data. (Merriam,1988)
Summary of data collection ( into charts, graphs, tables..)
Interpretation of the collected data: relationships , trends…
Organisation
Data
‘Data that is represented either in a verbal or narrative format is
qualitative data. These types of data are collected through focus
groups, interviews, opened ended questionnaire items, and other less
structured situations. A simple way to look at qualitative data is to think
of qualitative data in the form of words’
Introduction to Data Analysis Handbook, Migrant & Seasonal Head Start Technical Assistance
Center Academy for Educational Development Contract with DHHS/ACF/OHS/Migrant and Seasonal
Program Branch, P13
Data
Can be qualitative or quantitative:
Quantitative:
. numercial : can put be in graph and can be measured
. Discrete: data that you can count ( eg :number of people)
. Continous: data that you can measure/categorical ( eg: time ,
age ..;etc)
Qualitative: descriptive ( texture of smthg, colour …etc)
Nominal : not ordered ( eg : gender)
Ordinal: ordered ( degree of pain)
Figure 2: Showing type of
variables in data
analysis
Labani S, Wadhwa K, Asthana S. Basic Approach to Data Analysis and Writing of Results and Discussion
Sections. MAMC J Med Sci [serial online] 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 31];3:6-15
Available from: http://www.mamcjms.in/text.asp?2017/3/1/6/201104
Methods of data collection
Qualitative data are collected through:
interviews
Longitudinal
studies
observations
Document
survey
Tests
Quantitative Data
collected though:
Experiments
Sampling
Structured
interviews
Organizing data
Read and reread the data
Classification of data to make it useful.
Files naming: use meaningful abbreviations
Prepare tables or graphs
Check accuracy
Meeting with your supervisor to help process data.
Analyzing Data
The process of data analysis is eclectic; there is no 'right way'.
(Tesch, 1990)
Quantitative date vs. qualitative data
Analyzing Quantitative data:
there are two ways in which data are analyzed:
Descriptive Statistics
Procedures used to describe a given collection of data.
The purpose is to describe the sample at hand
the collection of cases that we have examined.
Inferential Statistics
Procedures that let us generalize our findings beyond the particular
sample at hand to the larger population represented by that sample.
Quantitative data
The T test ( SPSS) : ‘is used to determine if two groups or levels of an
independent variable differ on a dependent variable’ P 122
http://www.slideshare.net/sspink/seminar-on-spss
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTHvlEzS7qQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HT0Skh2UP1U&feature=related
http://calcnet.mth.cmich.edu/org/spss/toc.htm
analysis of variance (ANOVA) : ‘is used to determine if three or more
groups or levels of an independent variable differ on a dependent
variable. Analysis of variance is the logical extension of a t test’
Qualtrics: web based software, used to create surveys and reports.
http://qualtrics.com/university/researchsuite/reporting/cross-
tabs/about-cross-tabulations/
Analyzing Qualitative data
Can be divided to five categories:
Framework
Content
analysis
analysis
Discourse
analysis
Narrative Grounded
analysis Theory
Analysis of Qualitative data
Content analysis: ‘the process of categorizing verbal or behavioural
data to classify, summarize it’
Narrative analysis: revision of the primary data.
Discourse analysis : analysis of natural discourse.
Framework analysis : coding , charting ,mapping..;etc
Grounded theory: This approach refers to theory that is “grounded in
or developed inductively from a set of data”
Qualitative data analysis is conducted through the following
three steps:
Step one : Coding : organization of data
Open coding. organization of raw data.
Axial coding. linking the categories of codes.
Selective coding. Formulating ideas throung connections of codes
Coding can be manual or by softwares: NVivo, Atlas ti 6.0, HyperRESEARCH
2.8, Max QDA
Example of coding:
A study into advantages and disadvantages of various entry strategies
to Chinese market
Elements to be Coded: Market entry strategies
Codes: franchising , importing , exporting..;etc
Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns and relationships
Scan primarily data
Compare your findings with the results found in the review of the
litterature
Search for gaps or missing information.
Step 3: summarizing
Establish relationships between findings.
Link the results to your research topic.
References:
Labani S, Wadhwa K, Asthana S. Basic Approach to Data Analysis
and Writing of Results and Discussion Sections. MAMC J Med Sci
2017;3:6-15
Creswell, J.W.(2009). Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods
Approach, chapter 9, Qualitative Procedures.
Herbert W.S,Elana.S.(1989).Second language research
methods.London.Oxford university press
Scott.W , Deirdre.J(2009).Research methods for everyday life:
blending qualitative and quantitative approaches.San
Francisco.John wiley and sons.
Data analysis. Retrieved from :https://research-
methodology.net/research-methods/data-analysis/qualitative-
data-analysis/
Thank you for you
attention
