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Pengantar Keganasan Ginekologi DR Hardjono Spog

The most common type of gynecologic cancer in Indonesia is cervical cancer, which accounts for 75.5% of cases. The second most common is ovarian cancer at 14.9%. Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, with 100% of cervical cancers caused by HPV. HPV is transmitted through sexual contact. The highest rates of cervical cancer occur in less developed regions where screening programs are lacking. Early detection through regular Pap smears can help prevent cervical cancer by identifying pre-cancerous lesions.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
240 views47 pages

Pengantar Keganasan Ginekologi DR Hardjono Spog

The most common type of gynecologic cancer in Indonesia is cervical cancer, which accounts for 75.5% of cases. The second most common is ovarian cancer at 14.9%. Cervical cancer is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, with 100% of cervical cancers caused by HPV. HPV is transmitted through sexual contact. The highest rates of cervical cancer occur in less developed regions where screening programs are lacking. Early detection through regular Pap smears can help prevent cervical cancer by identifying pre-cancerous lesions.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Sidiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr. Hardjono Purwadhi SpOG.

Gynecologic Cancer Distribution : Indonesia


Trophoblast
5.9%
Vagina
0.3%

Vulva
0.7%

Uterine Ovary
Corpus 14.9%
2.7%
Cervical
Cancer
75.5%

The most frequent of cancer


in gynecologic organ is Cervical Cancer
20/04/2019 2
Global mortality per annum
• Worldwide, every Europe
2 minutes a 60,000 new cases
North America 30,000 deaths
woman dies of 14,500 new cases
cervical cancer 6,000 deaths

• The highest Asia


burden of disease 266,000 new cases
(up to 80%) occurs 143,000 deaths

in less developed
regions where Latin America
72,000 new cases
there is a lack of 33,000 deaths
effective screening
programmes
Africa
• This demonstrates 79,000 new cases
a clear medical 62,000 deaths

need for new


cervical cancer Cervical cancer mortality rates worldwide
interventions Cases per 100,000 women per year

< 3.9 < 7.9 < 14.0 < 23.8 < 55.6
20/04/2019 3
Ferlay J, et al. GLOBOCAN 2002 Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide. Lyon: IARC CancerBase, 2004.
 Silinder fibromuskuler ( 3,5 x2,5 cm)
 Empat lapisan: epitel, submukosa, muskularis,
serosa
 Kanalis endoserviks : ost.int – ost.ext
 Bagian serviks yang terlihat: ektoserviks / portio
vaginalis
 Ep. kolumner:
upper – mid canal

 Ep skuamosa original:
vagina – distal
ektoserviks

 Ep.skuamosa
metaplastik:
sentral ektoserviks -
lower canal
How does HPV cause cancer in the
cervix? Shedding of virus-
laden epithelial cells

Cervical canal
Mature
squamous
layer
Viral DNA replication
Squamous (E6 & E7)
layer

Episomal viral DNA


Parabasal in cell nucleus
cells (E1 & E2, E6 & E7)

Basal (stem) Infection of basal


cells cells (E1 & E2)

Basement membrane
Normal Infected
epithelium epitheliu 20/04/2019 6
Frazer IH. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:46–54.
m
PENYEBAB
100% of cervical cancers are caused
by HPV

Global total HPV-attributable cancers in 2002


Attributable Attributable to
to HPV % all HPV 16/18
HPV
Total cancer
Site % Cases % Cases
cancers
Cervix 492,800 100 492,800 93.5 >70 344,900

Vulva, vagina 40,000 40* 16,000 3 80 12,800


Anus 15,900 90* 14,300 2.7 92 13,100
Oropharynx 9,600 12* 1,100 0.2 91 1,000
Mouth 98,400 3* 2,900 0.5 97 2,800
Total 527,100 374,600
20/04/2019 9
Adapted from Parkin DM & Bray F. Vaccine 2006; 24(Suppl 3):S11–S25; Walboomers JMM, et al. J Pathol 1999; 189:12–19.
 Kegiatan seksual (usia < 20 th)
 Banyak pasangan seksual
 Paparan terhadap Infeksi Menular Seksual
 Ibu atau saudara perempuan yg mengidap kanker
serviks
 Tes PAP sebelumnya yg abnormal
 Merokok
 Penurunan kekebalan tubuh
 HIV/ AIDS
 Penggunaan kortikosteroid kronis (asma)
------------------- 3-17 tahun -----------------------

Mild Insitu Invasive


Moderate Severe
dysplasia Carcinoma Cancer
dysplasia dysplasia

20/04/2019 14
 HGSIL = high grade squamous
intraepitelial lesion, sama :
 Displasia sedang - berat
 Neoplasia Intraepitelial Serviks (NIS) II - III
 Cervical Intraepitelial neoplasia (CIN) II –
III

 LGSIL = low grade squamous


intraepitelial lesion, sama :
 Displasia ringan
 Neoplasia Intraepitelial Serviks (NIS) I
 Cervical Intraepitelial neoplasia (CIN) I
 Pra Kanker serviks/Displasia :
 asimptomatik
 Keputihan lama (tdk sembuh2)

 Kanker serviks/Invasif :
 Perdarahan pervaginam diluar siklus haid
 Perdarahan pervaginam pasca coitus
 Perdarahan pervaginam pd menopause
 Nyeri saat coitus (?)
 Gejala Klinis
 Pemeriksaan Ginekologi
 Inspekulo
 VT/ RT
 Pemeriksaan Penunjang
 Pap Smear/ Pap Test
 IVA (inspeksi visual dg asam
asetat) test
 Kolposkopi
 HPV test
 Biopsi Serviks
 Pra Kanker serviks/Displasia :
 asimptomatik
 Keputihan lama (tdk sembuh2)

 Kanker serviks/Invasif :
 Perdarahan pervaginam diluar siklus haid
 Perdarahan pervaginam pasca coitus
 Perdarahan pervaginam pd menopause
 Nyeri saat coitus (?)
IVA findings

BEFORE acetic acid

White area

AFTER acetic acid


 Stadium ≤ IIA
Pilihan terapi :
Kemoradiasi primer
Radikal histerektomi dan limfadenektomi pelvis
dilanjutkan adjuvan radiasi
Khemotx neoadjuvan diikuti radikal histerektomi dan
limfdenektomi pelvis & kemoradiasi adjuvan pasca
operatif
 Stadium Lanjut ( II B, III, IV A )
Standar terapi utama adalah
kombinasi radiasi eksternal & brachytherapy
dilanjutkan khemoterapi
 Stadium IV B atau Rekuren
Terapi pilihan PALIATIF
Rekuren bisa terjadi di area pelvis dan atau area jauh
Prognosis buruk
Survival rate-nya 7 bulan
 5 YSR penderita Ca Serviks stadium awal post
operatif tergantung :
1. Status KGB
 tanpa metastase ke KGB : 5 YSR 85-90%
 metastase KGB : 5 YSR 20-74%
2. Ukuran tumor
< 2cm : 5 YSR 90%
> 2cm : 5 YSR 60%
3. Invasi ke parametrium
Invasi (+) : 5 YSR 69%
Invasi (-) : 5 YSR 95%
4. Kedalaman invasi
Invasi < 1cm : 5 YSR 90%
Invasi > 1cm : 5 YSR 63-78%
 Pap Smear teratur
Tiap bulan pada tahun I dan II
Tiap 6 bulan pada tahun III – V
Tiap tahun setelah > 5 tahun
 Rekuren biasanya pada 2 tahun pasca terapi
Asimptomatis (95 % ),gejala non spesifik.keluhan/rasa tidak
enak/rasa tertekan di abdomen,dispareunia,bertambahnya berat
badan krn asites /massa

KLASIFIKASI HISTOLOGI :

A. Epitelial

B. Germ cell (25 % dr semua Ca ovarium ) : disgerminoma,mixed


germ cell tumors,teratoma imatur,koriokarsinoma,endodermal
sinus tumor,embrional karsinoma

C. Sex cord stromal (5 % dr semua Ca ovarium )

D. Sarcoma,metastatik
Anamnesa lengkap dan pemeriksaan fisik
Penanda tumor utk kanker epitelial (CA
125),germ cell tumors ( CEA,b-HCG,AFP ),
Sex cord stromal tumor ?
 Kimia drh,darah lengkap,tes fungsi hati
 Foto Toraks
 CT-Scan abdomen dan pelvis
 Jk simptomatis dpt dilakukan IVP
- Pembedahan  penting utk menentukan
diagnostik prabedah, perluasan/stadium,
pengangkatan massa tumor.

- Utk mendapat hsl baik, diperlukan


evaluasi stadium dengan cermat saat
pembedahan
Keganasan yg primer tumbuh berasal
dari korpus uteri
Bagian korpus uteri yg sering alami
degenerasi: endometrium,
miometrium & komponen lainnya
 Keganasan terbanyak ke-4 pada ♀
 Keganasan terbanyak ke-8
 Insiden semakin me o.k  usia harapan hidup & 
obesitas
 Terjadi pd usia postmenopause, 25% sebelum
menopause, 5% sekitar 40 th
 Sering dihubungkan dengan stimulasi estrogen kronis
(estrogen dependent)

berkembang jadi hiperplasi & diferensiasi baik

 Tidak tergantung pada stimulasi estrogen


(non estrogen dependent)

berkembang jadi non hiperplasi & deferensiasi jelek


Meningkat pada:
 Unopposed estrogens (4-15 x),mis:PCO,HRT
 Obesity, > 25 kg jadi 10 x
 Nullipara (3 x)
 Diabetes mellitus (3 x)
 Hipertensi (1,5 x)
 Menopause stlh 52 th (2,5 x)
 Hiperplasi endometrial komplek (29%)
 Diet tinggi lemak
 Pemakaian tamoxifen pd Ca mamae (2,5-9x)
 RPD : Ca colon; Ca mammae (2-3x)
 RPK : CA ovarii; colon; mammae
Menurun pada:
 Oral kontrasepsi kombinasi
 smoking
 Hiperplasia endometrium

Jenis Risiko
hiperplasia Keganasan
Hiperplasia simpleks/ kistik tanpa atipik 1%

Hiperplasia kompleks/ adenomatosa tanpa 3%


atipik
Hiperplasia atipik
• Simpleks (kistik dengan atipik) 8%
•Kompleks (adenomatosa dengan atipik 29 %
 Hiperplasia endometrium

Jenis Risiko
hiperplasia Keganasan
Hiperplasia simpleks/ kistik tanpa atipik 1%

Hiperplasia kompleks/ adenomatosa tanpa 3%


atipik
Hiperplasia atipik
• Simpleks (kistik dengan atipik) 8%
•Kompleks (adenomatosa dengan atipik 29 %
 Gejala klinis :
 Perdarahan abnormal
 Abnormal vaginal discharge
 Rasa berat, kram atau nyeri di pelvis
 Pemeriksaan Penunjang
 Biopsi endometrium
 USG Transvaginal  ketebalan endometrium
 Histeroskopi : pengamatan langsung thd cavum uteri &
endometrium
 Dilatasi & kuretase
Ditentukan oleh :
 Grade (I 80%, II 73%,III 58 %)
 Invasi miometrium
 Keterlibatan serviks
 Metastase Kgb pelvis & para aorta
 Sitologi peritoneum
 Status reseptor progesteron
Stadium • TAH + BSO +/-
I-II a • Radioterapi (inoperabel)
Stadium • Radikal histerektomi
II b • Radioterapi
Stadium • Debulking
III – IV • Kemoterapi
• Radiasi

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