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Cholera

Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water. While most infected individuals are asymptomatic, those with symptoms can experience severe watery diarrhea and dehydration. Diagnosis involves isolating V. cholerae from stool samples. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics. Prevention emphasizes water disinfection, hand washing, sanitation and food safety education to block transmission routes.

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Lavanya Sivakumar
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239 views24 pages

Cholera

Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water. While most infected individuals are asymptomatic, those with symptoms can experience severe watery diarrhea and dehydration. Diagnosis involves isolating V. cholerae from stool samples. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics. Prevention emphasizes water disinfection, hand washing, sanitation and food safety education to block transmission routes.

Uploaded by

Lavanya Sivakumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cholera

By
Dr.Venmathi
Dept of Community Medicine
Scheme of presentation
• Introduction – history to present
• Epidemiology
• Diagnosis and treatment
• Control and prevention measures
• Conclusion
Introduction
• Intestinal infection - acute diarrheal illness
caused by bacteria Vibrio cholerae.
• fecal disease - meaning that it spreads when
the feces of an infected person come into
contact with food or water.
• Incidence: 1 in 100,000 worldwide.
• Over 1 million cases and nearly 10,000
fatalities.
CAUSATIVE AGENT DISCOVERY
• John Snow (1813- 1858)
• Water borne transmission of Cholera (1855)
• Filippo Pacini (1812- 1883)- discovered
• Robert Koch1884: Rediscovers Vibrio cholerae
Epidemiological triad

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

AGENT

Poor Sanitation
HOST ENVIRONMENT Contaminated
water and food
Human
Ignorance
Climatic
conditions
Morphology
• Gram negative
• Comma shaped
• Sheathed, polar
• Flagellum
• Facultative anaerobic
• Asporogenous
• Growth stimulated by NaCl
• Organism can multiply freely in water
Transmission
• TRANSMISSION
• Fecal-oral route
• Entry = oral
• Discharge = fecal
• Incubation period 2hrs-5 days
• Infection 7-14 days, but most people do not
become ill or show any symptoms
• Only about 10-20% of infected people show
moderate or severe symptoms.
• Moderate symptoms difficult to differentiate
from other types of acute diarrhoea
• Group O blood group highest risk
Pathogenesis
Secrete enterotoxin

Enterotoxin binds to intestinal cells

Chloride channels activated

Release Large quantities of electrolytes & bicarbonates

Fluid hypersecretion

Diarrhea

Dehydration
Symptoms and signs
• Mild diarrhea
• Sudden severe diarrhea
• Mucus and intestinal tissue visible in feces
• Muscle cramps
• Scaphoid abdomen
• Vomiting
• Loss of skin turgor
• Weak pulse
Complications
Diagnosis
• Clinical symptoms and signs
• Isolation of V. cholerae from stool
• Live V. cholerae in stool (ca. 1.0 x 108 cells per
ml) - indentification via dark-field microscopy
• Measurement of serum antibodies using ELISA
– Antibacterial antibodies: vibriocidal assays
– Antitoxin antibodies
Treatment
Prognosis
The prognosis of cholera ranges depending on
• The severity of the dehydration
• How quickly the patient is given
• Responding to treatments
Control measures
• Blocking routes of transmission
– water disinfection (source and /or household), hand
washing, sanitation, good food hygiene and well-
cooked
• Treatment centers
– for prompt treatment.
– Sanitarymeasures.
– food safety
– Comprehensivesurveillance (adapt to each situation)
comprehensive multidisciplinary approach.
Prevention
• Basic health education and hygiene
• Mass chemoprophylaxis
• Provision of safe water and sanitation
• Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Approach
(water, sanitation, education, and
communication)
Sample collection
• Cholera – sample stools
• Collected as soon as possible
• Collected using rectal swabs
• Transported in Cary Blair medium – within 7
days
• Not refrigerated
References
• Park text book of Social and Preventive
Medicine
• Rajvir Bhalwar book of Community Medicine
Thank you..

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