Robert L. Mathis John H.
Jackson
Performance Management
2010-2011
Learning Objectives
After you have read this chapter, you should be
able to:
– Distinguish between job criteria and performance
standards and discuss criterion contamination and
deficiency.
– Identify two major uses of performance appraisal.
– Provide examples of several rater errors.
– Describe both the advantages and disadvantages of
multisource (360°) appraisal.
Learning Objectives (cont’d)
– Identify the nature of behavioral approaches to
performance appraisal and management by
objectives (MBO).
– Discuss several concerns about appraisal feedback
interviews.
– Identify the characteristics of a legal and effective
performance appraisal system.
Performance Management
An iterative process of goal-setting, communication,
observation and evaluation to support, retain and develop
exceptional employees for organizational success.
Set Goals Communicate
Evaluate Observe
Why Manage
Performance?
To reach organizational mission and goals
Encourage and reward behaviors aligned with
organizational mission and goals
Curb or redirect non-productive activities
Identifying and Measuring
Employee Performance
Performance Management System
– Processes used to identify, encourage, measure,
evaluate, improve, and reward employee
performance.
Performance
– What an employee does and does not do.
• Quantity of output • Quality of output
• Timeliness of output • Presence at work
• Cooperativeness
Job Criteria
– Important elements in a given job
Linkage
Between
Strategy,
Outcomes,
and
Organizational
Results
Figure 11–1
Types of Performance Information
Trait-based
Information
Job Behavior-based
Performance? Information
Results-based
Information
Potential Performance Criteria Problems
Deficiency Contamination
Performance
Criteria
Objectivity
Performance Standards
Performance Standards
– Expected levels of performance
• Benchmarks
• Goals
• Targets
Characteristics of Well-defined Standards
– Realistic
– Measurable
– Clearly understood
Terms Defining Standards on One Company
Figure 11–2
Uses of Performance Appraisal
Performance Appraisal (PA)
– The process of evaluating how well employees
perform their jobs when compared to a set of
standards, and then communicating the information
to employees.
– Informal Appraisal
• Day-to-day contacts, largely undocumented
– Systematic Appraisal
• Formal contact at regular time intervals, usually
documented
Uses of Performance Appraisal (cont’d)
Performance
Appraisal
Administering Wages Giving Performance Identifying Strengths
and Salaries Feedback and Weaknesses
Uses of Performance Appraisal (cont’d)
Criticisms of Performance Appraisal
– Focus is too much on the individual and does little
to develop employees.
– Employees and supervisors believe the appraisal
process is seriously flawed.
– Appraisals are inconsistent, short-term oriented,
subjective, and useful only at the extremes of
performance.
Conflicting Roles for Performance Appraisal
Figure 11–3
Typical Division of HR Responsibilities
for Performance Appraisal
Figure 11–4
Who Conducts Appraisals
Supervisors who rate their subordinates
Employees who rate their supervisors
Team members who rate each other
Outside sources
Employees’ self-appraisal
Multisource (360° feedback) appraisal
Traditional Performance
Appraisal:
Logic and Process
Figure 11–5
Employee Rating of Managers
Advantages Disadvantages
– Helps in identifying – Negative reactions by
competent managers managers to employee
– Serves to make managers ratings
more responsive to – Subordinates’ fear of
employees reprisals may inhibit them
– Can contribute to the from giving realistic
career development of (negative) ratings
managers – Ratings are useful only for
self-improvement purposes
Team/Peer Ratings
Advantages Disadvantages
– Helps improve the – Can negatively affect
performance of lower- working relationships.
rated individuals – Can create difficulties for
– Peers have opportunity to managers in determining
observe other peers. individual performance.
– Peer appraisals focus on – Organizational use of
individual contributions to individual performance
teamwork and team appraisals can hinder the
performance. development of teamwork
Multisource Appraisal
Figure 11–6
Performance Appraisal Methods
Figure 11–7
Category Rating Methods
Graphic Rating Scale
– A scale that allows the rater to indicate an
employee’s performance on a continuum.
• Job criteria scales
• Behavioral scales
– Drawbacks
• Restrictions on the range of possible rater responses
• Differences in the interpretations of the meanings of
scale items and scale ranges by raters
• Poorly designed scales that encourage rater errors
• Rating form deficiencies that limit the effectiveness of
the appraisal
Category Rating Methods (cont’d)
Checklists
– A performance appraisal tool that uses a list of
statements or work behaviors that are checked by
raters.
• Can be quantified by applying weights to individual
checklist items.
– Drawbacks
• Interpretation of item meanings by raters
• Weighting creates problems in appraisal interpretation
• Assignment of weights to items by persons other than
the raters
Sample Performance Appraisal Form
Figure 11–8a
Sample Performance Appraisal Form
Figure 11–8b
Comparative Methods
Ranking
– Listing of all employees from highest to lowest in
performance.
– Drawback
• Does not show size of differences in performance
between employees
• Implies that lowest-ranked employees are
unsatisfactory performers.
• Becomes an unwieldy process if the group to be
ranked is large.
Comparative Methods (cont’d)
Forced Distribution
– Performance appraisal method in which ratings of
employees are distributed along a bell-shaped
curve.
– Drawbacks
• Assumes a normal distribution of performance.
• Resistance by managers to placing individuals in the
lowest or highest groups.
• Providing explanation for placement in a higher or
lower grouping can be difficult.
• Is not readily applicable to small groups of employees.
Forced Distribution on a Bell-Shaped Curve
Figure 11–9
Narrative Methods
Critical Incident
– Manager keeps a written record of highly favorable
and unfavorable employee actions.
– Drawbacks
• Variations in how managers define a “critical incident”
• Time involved in documenting employee actions
• Most employee actions are not observed and may
become different if observed
• Employee concerns about manager’s “black books”
Narrative Methods (cont’d)
Essay Method
– Manager writes a short essay describing an
employee’s performance.
– Drawbacks
• Depends on the managers’ writing skills and their
ability to express themselves.
Field Review
– Outside reviewer interviews the manager about the
performance of each employee and develops a
rating for the employees from the interview notes.
Behavioral/Objective Methods
Behavioral Rating Approach
– Assesses employees’ behaviors instead of other
characteristics
– Consists of a series of scales created by:
• Identifying important job dimensions
• Creating statements describing a range of desired and
undesirable behaviors (anchors)
– Types of behavioral scales
• Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS)
• Behavioral observation scales (BOS)
• Behavioral expectation scales (BES)
Customer Service Skills (BOS)
Figure 11–10
Management by Objectives
Management by Objectives
– Specifying the performance goals that an individual
and his or her manager agree to try to attain within
an appropriate length of time.
Key MBO Ideas
– Employee involvement creates higher levels of
commitment and performance.
– Encourages employees to work effectively toward
achieving desired results.
– Performance measures should be measurable and
should define results.
The MBO Process
Job Review and Agreement
Development of Performance Standards
Guided Objective Setting
Continuing Performance Discussions
Common Rater Errors
Figure 11–11
Feedback as a System
Evaluation
Data
of Data
Feedback
System
Action Based on
Evaluation
Appraisal Interview Hints
Figure 11–12
Performance Appraisals and the Law
Legally Defensible PA System
– Appraisal criteria based on job analysis
– Absence of disparate impact and evidence of validity
– Formal evaluation criterion that limit managerial
discretion
– Formal rating instrument linked to job duties and
responsibilities
– Personal knowledge of and contact with ratee
– Training of supervisors in conducting appraisals
– Review process to prevent undue control of careers
– Counseling to help poor performers improve
Performance Management System
Effective PMS systems are:
– Consistent with the strategic mission of the
organization
– Beneficial as development tool
– Useful as an administrative tool
– Legal and job-related
– Viewed as generally fair by employees
– Effective in documenting employee performance
