Farrin Reid

Web & Internet Programming Group

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 python
• Simple
– Python is a simple and minimalistic language in nature
– Reading a good python program should be like reading English
– Its Pseudo-code nature allows one to concentrate on the problem
rather than the language
• Easy to Learn
• Free & Open source
– Freely distributed and Open source
– Maintained by the Python community
• High Level Language –memory management
• Portable – *runs on anything c code will

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 python
• Interpreted
– You run the program straight from the source code.
– Python program Bytecode a platforms native language
– You can just copy over your code to another system and it will auto-
magically work! *with python platform
• Object-Oriented
– Simple and additionally supports procedural programming
• Extensible – easily import other code
• Embeddable –easily place your code in non-python programs
• Extensive libraries
– (i.e. reg. expressions, doc generation, CGI, ftp, web browsers, ZIP, WAV,
cryptography, etc...) (wxPython, Twisted, Python Imaging library)

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 python Timeline/History
• Python was conceived in the late 1980s.
– Guido van Rossum, Benevolent Dictator For Life
– Rossum is Dutch, born in Netherlands, Christmas break
bored, big fan of Monty python’s Flying Circus
– Descendant of ABC, he wrote glob() func in UNIX
– M.D. @ U of Amsterdam, worked for CWI, NIST, CNRI, Google
– Also, helped develop the ABC programming language
• In 1991 python 0.9.0 was published and reached the masses
through alt.sources
• In January of 1994 python 1.0 was released
– Functional programming tools like lambda, map, filter, and reduce
– comp.lang.python formed, greatly increasing python’s userbase

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 python Timeline/History
• In 1995, python 1.2 was released.
• By version 1.4 python had several new features
– Keyword arguments (similar to those of common lisp)
– Built-in support for complex numbers
– Basic form of data-hiding through name mangling (easily
bypassed however)
• Computer Programming for Everybody (CP4E) initiative
– Make programming accessible to more people, with basic “literacy”
similar to those required for English and math skills for some jobs.
– Project was funded by DARPA
– CP4E was inactive as of 2007, not so much a concern to get employees
programming “literate”
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 python Timeline/History
• In 2000, Python 2.0 was released.
– Introduced list comprehensions similar to Haskells
– Introduced garbage collection
• In 2001, Python 2.2 was released.
– Included unification of types and classes into one
hierarchy, making pythons object model purely Object-
oriented
– Generators were added(function-like iterator behavior)
• Standards
– http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
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 Why the name python
• A Dutch programmer named Guido van
Rossum made Python in 1991.
• He named it after the television show Monty
Python's Flying Circus a 70s BBC Comedy.
 Companies that uses python
• Google (Youtube)
• Facebook (Tornado)
• Dropbox.
• Yahoo.
• NASA.
• IBM.
• Mozilla
 Python types
• Str, unicode – ‘MyString’, u‘MyString’
• List – [ 69, 6.9, ‘mystring’, True]
• Tuple – (69, 6.9, ‘mystring’, True) immutable
• Set/frozenset – set([69, 6.9, ‘str’, True])
frozenset([69, 6.9, ‘str’, True]) –no duplicates
& unordered
• Dictionary or hash – {‘key 1’: 6.9, ‘key2’: False}
- group of key and value pairs
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 Python types
• Int – 42- may be transparently expanded to
long through 438324932L
• Float – 2.171892
• Complex – 4 + 3j
• Bool – True of False

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 Python semantics
• Each statement has its own semantics, the def
statement doesn’t get executed immediately like
other statements
• Python uses duck typing, or latent typing
– Allows for polymorphism without inheritance
– This means you can just declare
“somevariable = 69” don’t actually have to declare a type
– print “somevariable = “ + tostring(somevariable)”
strong typing , can’t do operations on objects not defined
without explicitly asking the operation to be done

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 Python Syntax
• Python uses indentation and/or whitespace to delimit
statement blocks rather than keywords or braces
• if __name__ == "__main__":
print “Salve Mundo"
# if no comma (,) at end ‘\n’ is auto-included
CONDITIONALS
• if (i == 1): do_something1()
elif (i == 2): do_something2()
elif (i == 3): do_something3()
else: do_something4()

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 Conditionals Cont.
• if (value is not None) and (value == 1):
print "value equals 1”,
print “ more can come in this block”
• if (list1 <= list2) and (not age < 80):
print “1 = 1, 2 = 2, but 3 <= 7 so its True”
• if (job == "millionaire") or (state != "dead"):
print "a suitable husband found"
else:
print "not suitable“
• if ok: print "ok"

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 Loops/Iterations
• sentence = ['Marry','had','a','little','lamb']
for word in sentence:
print word, len(word)
• for i in range(10):
print I
for i in xrange(1000):# does not allocate all initially
print I
• while True:
pass
• for i in xrange(10):
if i == 3: continue
if i == 5: break
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 Functions
• def print_hello():# returns nothing
print “hello”
• def has_args(arg1,arg2=['e', 0]):
num = arg1 + 4
mylist = arg2 + ['a',7]
return [num, mylist]
has_args(5.16,[1,'b'])# returns [9.16,[[1, ‘b’],[ ‘a’,7]]
• def duplicate_n_maker(n): #lambda on the fly func.
return lambda arg1:arg1*n
dup3 = duplicate_n_maker(3)
dup_str = dup3('go') # dup_str == 'gogogo'

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 Exception handling
• try:
print "Unexpected:"
f = open("file.txt")
except IOError: print sys.exc_info()[0]
print "Could not open“ raise # re-throw caught exception
else: try:
f.close() a[7] = 0
• a = [1,2,3] finally:
try:
print "Will run regardless"
a[7] = 0
except (IndexError,TypeError): • Easily make your own exceptions:
print "IndexError caught” class myException(except)
except Exception, e: def __init__(self,msg):
print "Exception: ", e self.msg = msg
except: # catch everything def __str__(self):
return repr(self.msg)
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 Classes
class MyVector: """A simple vector class."""
num_created = 0
def __init__(self,x=0,y=0): #USAGE OF CLASS MyVector
self.__x = x print MyVector.num_created
self.__y = y v = MyVector()
MyVector.num_created += 1 w = MyVector(0.23,0.98)
def get_size(self): print w.get_size()
return self.__x+self.__y bool = isinstance(v, MyVector)
@staticmethod
def get_num_created Output:
return MyVector.num_created 0
1.21

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 I/O
import os # read binary records from a file
print os.getcwd() #get “.” from struct import *
os.chdir('..') fin = None
import glob # file globbing try:
lst = glob.glob('*.txt') # get list of files fin = open("input.bin","rb")
import shutil # mngmt tasks s = f.read(8)#easy to read in
shutil.copyfile('a.py','a.bak') while (len(s) == 8):
x,y,z = unpack(">HH<L", s)
import pickle # serialization logic print "Read record: " \
ages = {"ron":18,"ted":21} "%04x %04x %08x"%(x,y,z)
pickle.dump(ages,fout) s = f.read(8)
# serialize the map into a writable file except IOError:
ages = pickle.load(fin) pass
# deserialize map from areadable file if fin: fin.close()

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 Threading in Python
import threading
theVar = 1
class MyThread ( threading.Thread ):
def run ( self ):
global theVar
print 'This is thread ' + \
str ( theVar ) + ' speaking.‘
print 'Hello and good bye.’
theVar = theVar + 1
for x in xrange ( 10 ):
MyThread().start()
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So what does Python have to do with
Internet and web programming?
• Jython & IronPython(.NET ,written in C#)
• Libraries – ftplib, snmplib, uuidlib, smtpd, urlparse,
SimpleHTTPServer, cgi, telnetlib, cookielib, xmlrpclib,
SimpleXMLRPCServer, DocXMLRPCServer
• Zope(application server), PyBloxsom(blogger),
MoinMoin(wiki), Trac(enhanced wiki and tracking
system), and Bittorrent (6 no, but prior versions yes)

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 Python Interpreters
• http://www.python.org/download/
• http://pyaiml.sourceforge.net/
• http://www.py2exe.org/
• http://www.activestate.com/Products/activepython/
• http://www.wingware.com/
• http://pythonide.blogspot.com/
• Many more…

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 Python on your systems
– Its easy! Go to http://www.python.org/download/
– Download your architecture binary, or source
– Install, make, build whatever you need to do…
plenty of info on installation in readmes
– Make your first program! (a simple on like the hello
world one will do just fine)
– Two ways of running python code. Either in an
interpreter or in a file ran as an executable

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 Running Python
• Windows XP – double click the icon or call it
from the command line as such:

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 Python Interpreter

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 Python for the future
• Python 3.0
– Will not be Backwards compatible, they are
attempting to fix “perceived” security flaws.
– Print statement will become a print function.
– All text strings will be unicode.
– Support of optional function annotation, that can
be used for informal type declarations and other
purposes.

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 Bibliography
• http://it.metr.ou.edu/byteofpython/features-of-python.html
• http://codesyntax.netfirms.com/lang-python.htm
• http://www.python.org/
• Sebesta, Robert W., Concepts of Programming Languages: 8th
ed. 2007
• http://www.python.org/~guido/

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