COLLEGE ALGEBRA
POLYNOMIALS
1. Definition
2. Operations on Polynomials
2.1. Addition of Polynomials
2.2. Subtraction of Polynomials
2.3. Multiplication of Polynomials
2.4. Division of Polynomials
3.Removing Grouping Symbols
POLYNOMIALS
Definitions:
Constant- is a symbol that assigns one specific value.
Variable- is a symbol that assumes many values.
Algebraic expression- is a collection of constants and
variables involving at least one of the basic operations in
mathematics.
Term- is an expression preceded by plus or minus sign.
Monomial- is a term involving only the product of a real
number which may have coefficients of variables with
positive integral exponent.
Polynomial- is a sum of finite monomials.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
POLYNOMIALS
1. Add –3x2y + 2xy, –5x3y + 4x2y – 7 , 4x3y – 3xy & 7xy + 7
– 3x2y + 2xy
–5x3y + 4x2y –7
4x3y – 3xy
7xy + 7
–x3y + x2y + 6xy
2. Subtract –4x from 12x
12x
–
+ – 4x
+
16x
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS
3. Subtract 5x2 –6x + 1 from 9x2–3x –1.
– 9x2 – 3x –1
+ +
– 6x –+1
– 5x2 +
4x2 + 3x – 2
MULTIPLICATION OF POLYNOMIALS
Multiplication Law of Exponents
-multiply the numerical coefficients and add the exponents.
am ∙ an = am+ n
1. –12xy ∙ –7xy = 84 x2y2
2. Multiply (5x – 3)and(6x + 5)
6x(5x – 3)= 30x2 – 18x
+5(5x – 3)= + 25x – 15
30x2 + 7x – 15
SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND FACTORING
PRODUCT OF TWO BINOMIALS
(ax + by)(cx + dy) = acx2 + adxy + bcxy + bdy2
F – first terms
(ax + by)(cx + dy) O – outside terms
I – inside terms
L – last terms
PRODUCT OF THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF THE
SAME TWO TERMS
(x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2
Examples:
1. (3m+n) (3m–n)= (3m)2 – (n)2
= 9m2 – n2
2. (7x2–9)(7x2+9) = (7x2)2 – (9)2
=49x4 – 81
3. (2x–3y)(2x+3y) = 4x2 – 9y2
SPECIAL CASE OF PRODUCT OF BINOMIAL
AND TRINOMIAL
(x + y)(x2 –xy + y2) = x3 + y3
(x – y)(x2 +xy + y2) = x3 – y3
Examples:
1. (3m+n) (9m2 – 3mn + n2 )= (3m)3+ (n)3
= 27m3 + n3
2. (5x2–9)(25x4 + 45x2 + 81) = (5x2)3 – (9)3
=125x6 – 729
3. (2x–3y)(4x2 + 6xy + 9y2) = (2x)3 – (3y)3
= 8x3 – 27y3
SQUARE OF A TRINOMIAL
(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 +2xy +2yz +2xz
Examples:
1.(3m+5n +4p)2=9m2+25n2+16p2+30mn+40np+24mp
CUBE OF A BINOMIAL
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
(x – y)3 = x3 – 3x2y + 3xy2 – y3
Examples:
1. (3m+n)3= (3m)3 +3(3m)2(n)+3(3m)(n)2 + (n)3
= 27m3 + 27m2n + 9mn2 + n3
2. (5a2–2b)3 = (5a2)3 +3(5a2)2(–2b) +3(5a2)(–2b)2+(–2b)3
=125a6–150a4b +60a2b2– 8b3
3. (2x3 –3y2)3 = 8x9 – 36x6y2+54x3y4 – 27y6
COMMON MONOMIAL FACTORING (CMF)
(ax + ay)= a(x + y)
1. 4x + 4y = 4(x + y)
2. 4x4 + 8x3 – 12x2 = 4x2(x2 +2x – 3)
3. 27m6n4–12m5n3–18m4n2=
3m4n2(9m2n2 –4mn–6)
4. 56a2b2c4 –32a5b3c3–40a3b4c2=
8a2b2c2 (7c2–4a3bc –5ab2)
DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES (DOTS)
(x2 – y2)= (x + y)(x– y)
1. 4x2 – 9y2 = (2x – 3y) (2x + 3y)
2. 25m6 – 16n8 =(5m3– 4n4) (5m3 +4n4)
3. 12ac4 –75ab2 = 3a (4c4–25b2)
= 3a (2c2 – 5b) (2c2 + 5b)
SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF TWO CUBES (SADOTC)
(x3 + y3)= (x + y)(x2 –xy + y2)
(x3 – y3)=(x– y)(x2+xy + y2)
1. 8x3 – 27y3 =(2x – 3y)(4x2 +6xy +9y2 )
2. 64m6+125n9=(4m2+5n3)(16m4–20m2n3+25n6)
3. 81n8 –3n2 = 3n2(27n6 –1)
=3n2 (3n2 –1) (9n4+3n2 +1)
PERFECT SQUARE TRINOMIAL (PST)
(x2 +2xy + y2)= (x + y)2
(x2 –2xy + y2)= (x– y)2
1.(4x2 +12xy +9y2)= (2x + 3y)2
2.(16m4– 40m2n3+25n6)= (4m2 – 5n3)2
3. (27n5 –18n3+3n)= 3n (9n4 –6n2 +1)
=3n (3n2 –1)2
GENERAL QUADRATIC TRINOMIAL (GQT)
x2 +(a+b)x + ab = (x + a ) (x + b )
1.(x2 +7x + 12)= (x + 3 )(x + 4 )
2. (10a2 +ab –21b2)= (2a +3b ) (5a –7b )
ZERO AND NEGATIVE EXPONENTS
Laws of Exponents
Power to a Product Law Ex: (5x5y3)2 = 25x10 y6
(ab)m = am bm
Power to a Quotient Ex:
2x2 3 8x6
a m a m = –27y3
= –3y
b bm
Zero and Negative Exponents
a0 = 1 Ex: (123)0 = 1 (2x2 y4)0 = 1
a–n = 1n y2
Simplify (–4x)–3 y2z0 =
.
.
a –64x3
Simplify –4m–4 n2p3 = np5
–8m–2 n p–2 2m2
