Financial Statement Analysis
Prepared by : Abdulelah Fararjeh
Financial Statement Analysis
Financial Statement Analysis will help business owners
and other interested people to analyze the data in
financial statements to provide them with better
information about such key factors for decision making
and ultimate business survival.
• Financial Statement Analysis is the collective name
for the tools and techniques that are intended to
provide relevant information to the decision makers.
The purpose of the FSA is to assess the financial
health and performance of the company.
• FSA consist of the comparisons for the same
company over the period of time and comparisions
of different companies either in the same industry or
in different industries.
Financial Statement Analysis
Purpose:
• To use financial statements to evaluate an
organization's
Financial performance
Financial position
Prediction of future performance
• To have a means of comparative analysis across
time in terms of:
Intercompany basis (within the company itself)
Intercompany basis (between companies)
Industry Averages (against that particular
industry’s averages)
To apply analytical tools and techniques to financial
statements to obtain useful information to aid
decision making.
Financial Statement Analysis
Financial statement analysis involves analyzing the
information provided in the financial statements to:
• Provide information about the organization's:
Past performance
Present condition
Future performance
• Assess the organization's:
Earnings in terms of power, persistence, quality and
growth
Solvency
Financial Statements
1. The Income Statement
2. The Balance Sheet
3. The Statement of Retained Earnings •
4. The Statement of Changes in Financial
Position
• Changes in Working Capital Position
• Changes in Cash Position
• Changes in Overall Financial Position
Effective Financial Statement Analysis
1. To perform an effective financial statement
analysis, you need to be aware of the
organization's:
business strategy
objectives
annual report and other documents like articles
about the organization in newspapers and
business reviews.
These are called individual organizational factors.
Effective Financial Statement Analysis
Requires that you:
Understand the nature of the industry in which the
organization works. This is an industry factor.
Understand that the overall state of the economy may
also have an impact on the performance of the
organization.
Financial statement analysis is more than just
“crunching numbers”; it involves obtaining a broader
picture of the organization in order to evaluate
appropriately how that organization is performing
Standards of Comparison
1. Rule-of-thumb Indicators Financial analyst and
Bankers use rule-of thumb or benchmark
financial ratios.
2. Past performance of the Company
3. Industry Standards…
Sources of Information
1. Company Reports
Directors Report
Financial Statement
Schedules and notes to the Financial Statements
Auditors Report
2) Stock Exchanges
3) Business Periodicals
4) Information Services
CRISIL
ICRA
CMIE
Tools of Financial Statement Analysis:
The commonly used tools for financial statement
analysis are:
Financial Ratio Analysis
Comparative financial statements analysis: –
Horizontal analysis/Trend analysis
Vertical analysis/Common size analysis/
Component Percentages
Financial Ratio Analysis
Financial ratio analysis involves calculating and
analyzing ratios that use data from one, two or more
financial statements.
Ratio analysis also expresses relationships between
different financial statements.
Financial Ratios can be classified into 5 main
categories:
Profitability Ratios
Liquidity or Short-Term Solvency ratios
Asset Management or Activity Ratios
Financial Structure or Capitalization Ratios
Market Test Ratios
Profitability Ratios
three elements of the profitability analysis:
Analyzing on sales and trading margin
focus on gross profit
Analyzing on the control of expenses
focus on net profit
Assessing the return on assets and return on
equity
Profitability Ratios
Gross Profit
Gross Profit = *100%
Net Sales
Net Profit after tax
Net Profit = *100%
Net Sales
Or in some cases, firms use the net profit before tax
figure. Firms have no control over tax expense as
they would have over other expenses.
Net Profit before tax
Net Profit = *100%
Net Sales
Profitability Ratios
Net Profit
Return on Assets = *100%
Average Total Assets
Net profit
Return on Equity = *100%
Average Total Equity
Liquidity or Short-Term Solvency ratios
Short-term funds management
Working capital management is important as it
signals the firm’s ability to meet short term debt
obligations.
The ideal benchmark for the current ratio is $2:$1
where there are two dollars of current assets (CA) to
cover $1 of current liabilities (CL). The acceptable
benchmark is $1: $1 but a ratio below $1CA:$1CL
represents liquidity riskiness as there is insufficient
current assets to cover $1 of current liabilities.
Liquidity or Short-Term Solvency ratios
Working Capital = Current assets – Current Liabilities
Current Assets
Current Ratio=
Current Liabilities
Current Assets – Inventory – Prepayments
Quick Ratio=
Current Liabilities – Bank Overdraft
Asset Management or Activity Ratios
Efficiency of asset usage
How well assets are used to generate revenues (income)
will impact on the overall profitability of the business.
For example: Asset Turnover
This ratio represents the efficiency of asset usage to
generate sales revenue
Asset Management or Activity Ratios
Net sales
Asset Turnover =
A𝑣𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory Turnover =
Average Ending Inventory
Average Collection Period
Average accounts Receivable
=
Average Ending Inventory
* Average daily net credit sales = net credit sales /
365
Financial Structure or Capitalisation
Ratios
• Long term funds management • Measures the riskiness
of business in terms of debt gearing.
• For example: Debt/Equity
• This ratio measures the relationship between debt and
equity. A ratio of 1 indicates that debt and equity funding
are equal (i.e. there is $1 of debt to $1 of equity) whereas
a ratio of 1.5 indicates that there is higher debt gearing in
the business (i.e. there is $1.5 of debt to $1 of equity). This
higher debt gearing is usually interpreted as bringing in
more financial risk for the business particularly if the
business has profitability or cash flow problems.
Financial Structure or Capitalisation
Ratios
• Debt/Equity ratio = Debt / Equity
Debt
Debt/Total Assets ratio = *100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
Equity
Equity ratio= *100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
Earnings before Interest and Tax
Times Interest Earned = *100%
Interest
Market Test Ratios
• Based on the share market's perception of the
company.
For example: Price/Earnings ratio
• The higher the ratio, the higher the perceived
quality of the earnings by the share market.
Market Test Ratios
Net Profit after tax
• Earnings per share =
Number of issued ordinary shares
Dividends
Dividends per share =
Number of issued ordinary shares
Dividends per share
• Dividend payout ratio = *100
Earnings per share
Market price per share
• Price Earnings ratio= *100
Earnings per share
Horizontal analysis/Trend analysis
• Trend percentage
• Line-by-line item analysis
• Items are expressed as a percentage of a base
year
• This is a time series analysis
• For example, a line item could look at increase
in sales turnover over a period of 5 years to
identify what the growth in sales is over this
period.
