PROJECT SCHEDULING
PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM METHOD
1
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Department Order No. 133, S. 2015
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PERT
A
10 20
30 C.D.
CPM
10 20
0 0 30 30
30 C.D.
100 1 3 102 2 4
A B
PDM 0 3 3 7
0 3 3 7
PERT/CPM
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BASICS OF PROJECT SCHEDULING TECHNIQUE
EARLY START TIME (EST)
EARLY FINISH TIME (EFT)
LATE START TIME (LST)
LATE FINISH TIME (LFT)
FREE FLOAT (FF)
TOTAL FLOAT (TF)
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PRECEDENCE
DIAGRAM METHOD
- PDM
Developed by H.B. ZACHRY in
cooperation with IBM in 1960s
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PRECEDENCE
-
DIAGRAM METHOD
- PDM
Shows INTER-DEPENDENCIES
among each activities
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PRECEDENCE
DIAGRAM METHOD
- PDM
ACTIVITIES ARE
REPRESENTED IN BOXES
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PRECEDENCE
DIAGRAM METHOD
- PDM
REPLACED ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW
TO ACTIVITY-ON-NODE
Item No. 10 30
ACTIVITY A
0 30
0 30
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PDM LAYOUT
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LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
OF ACTIVITIES ON PDM
FINISH-TO-START A B
FINISH-TO-FINISH A
B
START-TO-START A
B
A
START-TO-FINISH
B
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FINISH-TO-START
100 1 3 102 2 4
A B
0 3 3 7
0 3 3 7
ACTIVITY B can only START after ACTIVITY A has FINISHED
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FINISH-TO-FINISH
100 1 4
A
0 4
102 2 4
B
0 4
ACTIVITY A must be COMPLETED before ACTIVITY B can
FINISH DPWH | Bureau of Construction
START-TO-START
100 1 3
A
0 3
102
2 4
B
0 4
ACTIVITY B can START after ACTIVITY A has STARTED
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START-TO-FINISH
100 1 3
A
0 3
102 2 4
B
0 4
ACTIVITY B can only FINISH once ACTIVITY A starts
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LEAD TIME
• LEAD TIME - an OVERLAP between the FIRST and
SECOND ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY A
FINISH-TO-START
ACTIVITY WITH
LEAD
} LEAD TIME
ACTIVITY B
When an ACTIVITY is still RUNNING and the next
ACTIVITY STARTS
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LEAD TIME
100 1 10
A
0 10 ACTIVITY B can already START 5
DAYS before ACTIVITY A
FINISHES
F-S 102 2 8
(-)5 B
5 13
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LAG TIME
LAG TIME - the DELAY between TWO ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY A
}
LAG TIME
FINISH-TO-START
ACTIVITY WITH ACTIVITY B
LAG
When ONE ACTIVITY COMPLETES and there is a WAITING
PERIOD before the SECOND ACTIVITY can START
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LAG TIME
100 1 10
A ACTIVITY B must start 3 DAYS
after ACTIVITY A has FINISHED
0 10
102 2 8
F-S B
3
13 21
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LAG TIME
100 1 10
ACTIVITY B must start 3
A DAYS after ACTIVITY A
0 10 has STARTED
F-F
S-S 1
3
102 2 8
B ACTIVITY A must finish
1 DAY before ACTIVITY
3 11
B finishes
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PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM METHOD
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PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM METHOD
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PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM METHOD
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FORWARD PASS
A FORWARD PASS through the network determines
the EARLIEST TIME each activity can START and
FINISH.
It also determines the TOTAL DURATION of the
Project
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FORWARD PASS
General Rule in Calculating Early Start Time (EST) &
Early Finish Time (EFT) (F-S):
Begin from Start Event and move towards the
End Event
The EST for the starting activity = 0
The EST of an activity = latest (or maximum)
EFT of the activities directly preceding it
The EFT of an activity = its Early Start +
Duration required to perform the current
activity
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FORWARD PASS
SPL - 3 1 3 102(2)b 2 9
ROADWAY
MOBILIZATION EXCAVATION
(SURPLUS COMMON)
0 3 3 12
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FORWARD PASS WITH LEAD TIME AND LAG TIME
WITH LEAD OR LAG TIMES
If there is a Lead Time (-) between two activities; ES of
the Current Activity = EF of the Preceding Activity + (-
LEAD TIME) and EF will still be equal to ES+ its
Duration
For Lag Time (+); ES of the Current Activity = EF of the
Preceding Activity + (Lag Time)
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FORWARD PASS WITH LAG TIME
SPL - 3 1 3 102(2)b 2 9
ROADWAY
MOBILIZATION 2 EXCAVATION
(SURPLUS COMMON)
0 3 5 14
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FORWARD PASS WITH LEAD TIME
SPL - 3 1 3 102(2)b 2 9
ROADWAY
MOBILIZATION (-)2 EXCAVATION
(SURPLUS COMMON)
0 3 1 10
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BACKWARD PASS
A BACKWARD PASS through the network
determines the LATEST TIME each activity can
START and FINISH without delaying completion
of the project.
It also helps determine the activities that can
be DELAYED or not.
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BACKWARD PASS
General Rule in Calculating Late Start Time (LST) & Late Finish
Time (LFT) (F-S):
Begin from End Event and move towards the Start
Event. Assume reverse direction of arrows.
The LFT for the final activity = its EFT as determined
by forward pass.
The LFT for an activity = earliest (or minimum) LST of
the activities directly following (succeeding) it
The LST of an activity = its LFT - Duration required to
perform the current activity
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BACKWARD PASS
SPL - 3 1 3 102(2)b 2 9
ROADWAY
MOBILIZATION EXCAVATION
(SURPLUS COMMON)
0 3 3 12
0 3 3 12
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BACKWARD PASS WITH LEAD TIME
AND LAG TIME
If there is a Lead Time (-) between two activities; LF
of the Current Activity = LS of the Previous Activity -
(-LEAD TIME) and LS will still be equal to LF –
Duration
For Lag Time (+); LF of the Current Activity = LS of the
Previous Activity - (Lag Time)
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BACKWARD PASS WITH LAG TIME
SPL - 3 1 3 102(2)b 2 9
ROADWAY
MOBILIZATION 2 EXCAVATION
(SURPLUS COMMON)
0 3 5 14
0 3 5 14
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BACKWARD PASS WITH LEAD TIME
SPL - 3 1 3 102(2)b 2 9
ROADWAY
MOBILIZATION -1 EXCAVATION
(SURPLUS COMMON)
0 3 1 10
0 3 1 10
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LIMITATIONS of PERT/CPM
ONLY ALLOW FINISH-TO-START RELATIONSHIP
In PERT/CPM, since it only uses a F-S relationship,
the presentation of activity relationship shows that
succeeding activity CANNOT START until its preceding
ACTIVITY HAS BEEN COMPLETED.
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LIMITATIONS of PERT/CPM
If there are overlapping of activities, sometimes the
approach used is through REPETITION OF ACTIVITIES.
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LIMITATIONS of PERT/CPM
L A G R E L AT I O N S H I P C A N N OT B E S H O W N
Lag is always ZERO
PRESENCE of DUMMY ACTIVITIES.
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ADVANTAGES OF PDM
PDM is very USEFUL when representing
REPETITIVE CONSTRUCTION activities, e.g.,
highways construction & multi-storey buildings.
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ADVANTAGES OF PDM
The ability to show relationships
other than finish-to-start.
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ADVANTAGES OF PDM
The technique is more
VERSATILE as
compared to other network
planning.
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ADVANTAGES OF PDM
Availability of lag has
made this
technique more
ADAPTABLE
to the planner’s needs.
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ADVANTAGES OF PDM
This tool can guide managers in
MAKING CRITICAL DECISIONS
such as to DEPLOY RESOURCES
based on priority.
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ADVANTAGES OF PDM
PDM allows complex CPM schedules to be created
with fewer activities.
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ADVANTAGES OF PDM?
Most Software use PDM in generating the
Network Diagram
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DISADVANTAGES Of PDM
Manual Calculation is more complicated
May produce different dates on different
software
Updating and Managing change can be
challenging
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THINGS TO REMEMBER
In PDM, the RELATIONSHIP between the
current and previous activities CAN BE
BETTER CALCULATED by using TWO OR
MORE of the four possible logical
relationships than by using only one
relationship
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THINGS TO REMEMBER
Calculation of the critical path requires
consideration of the logical relationship of
each activity
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THINGS TO REMEMBER
Usually activities with a START-TO-START
RELATIONSHIP will also have a FINISH-TO-
FINISH RELATIONSHIP
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THINGS TO REMEMBER
In a comprehensive schedule all activities
except the first and last nodes should have at
least ONE PRECEDING ACTIVITY and at
least ONE SUCCEEDING ACTIVITY
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PDM Basic Application Handbook
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PDM Basic Application Handbook
DPWH | Bureau of Construction
PDM Basic Application Handbook
DPWH | Bureau of Construction
PDM Basic Application Handbook
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Thank you
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