INTRODUCTION

COMPONENTS OF STAIRCASES
TYPES OF STAIRCASES
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF STAIRCASES
POINTS OF CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN STEPS
NUMERICAL PROBLEM
REFERENCES
STAIRS CONSIST OF STEPS ARRANGED IN A SERIES FOR
THE PURPOSE OF GIVING ACCESS TO DIFFERENT
FLOORS OF BUILDING.SINCE STAIR IS OFTEN THE ONLY
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE
VARIOUS FLOORS OF BUILDING,THE LOCATION
REQUIRES GOOD AND CAREFUL CONSIDERATION.
TREAD:-THE UPPER HORIZONTAL
PORTION OF STEP OVER WHICH FOOT
IS PLACED DURING ASCENDING AND
DESCENDING A STAIRWAY.

RISER:-THE VERTICAL MEMBER OF

STEP.IT IS USED TO SUPPORT AND
CONNECT SUCCESSIVE TREADS.

HEADROOM:-THE VERTICAL HEIGHT

BETWEEN THE TREAD OF ONE FLIGHT
AND CEILING OF OVERHEAD
CONSTRUCTION.IT SHOULD BE
SUFFICIENT SO AS NOT TO CAUSE ANY
DIFFICULTY TO PERSON USING THE
STAIRS.
STRINGERS:-THESE ARE THE SLOPING
MEMBERS OF THE STAIR,USED TO
SUPPORT THE END OF STEPS

WINDERS:-THESE ARE THE STEPS USED

FOR CHANGING THE DIRECTION OF
STAIRS .THESE ARE USUALLY
TRIANGULAR IN PLAN.

FLIGHT:-THIS CONSIST OF SERIES OF

STEPS PROVIDED BETWEEN LANDINGS

RUN OR GOING:-TOTAL LENGTH OF

STAIRS IN HORIZONTAL PLAIN
INCLUDING LENGTH OF LANDINGS
 LANDING:-THIS IS THE HORIZONTAL
PLATFORM PROVIDED AT THE HEAD
OF SERIES OF STEPS .IT IS USED AS A
RESTING PLACE DURING USE OF
STAIRS .IT FACILITATES CHANGE OF
DIRECTION OF FLIGHT

HAND RAIL:-IT IS AN INCLINED RAIL

PROVIDED AT CONVINIENT HEIGHT
OVER STEPS .IT SERVES AS GUARD
RAIL AND PROVIDE ASSISTANCE TO
USER OF STAIRS .

BALUSTERS:-IT IS INDIVIDUAL
VERTICAL MEMBER MADE OF
TIMBER,METAL OR MASONARY FIXED
BETWEEN STRING AND HAND RAIL
TO GIVE SUPPORT TO HAND RAIL.

BALUSTERS
HAND RAIL
NOSING:-IT IS THE PROJECTING PART OF
TREAD BEYOND THE FACE OF RISER.IT IS
USUALLY ROUNDED TO GIVE PLEASING
EFFECT TO TREAD AND MAKE STAIRCASE
CONVINIENT AND EASY TO USE.

LINE OF NOSING:-THIS IS THE STRAIGHT

LINE TOUCHING THE NOSING OF VARIOUS
STEPS AND PARALLEL TO SLOPE OF LINE.

PITCH OR SLOPE:-VERTICAL ANGLE MADE

BY LINE OF NOSING WITH HORIZONTAL
LINE OF NOSING

NOSING
STRAIGHT STAIRS:-
ALL STEPS LEAD IN ONE DIRECTION
THIS MAY BE CONTINUOUS WITH TWO
FLIGHTS WITH AN INTERMIDIATE LANDING
ADOPTED WHEN STAIRCASE IS NARROW
AND LONG
PROVIDED MOSTLY IN PORCH,ENTRANCE
ETC
DOG-LEGGED STAIRS:-
CONSIST OF TWO STRAIGHT FLIGHTS
RUNNING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS
THERE IS NO SPACE BETWEEN THE
FLIGHTS IN PLAN
LANDING IS PROVIDED AT LEVEL WHICH
DIRECTION OF FLIGHT CHANGES
 QUARTER TURN NEWEL:-
A STAIR TURNING THROUGH 90 WITH THE
HELP OF LEVEL LANDING
USED IN SHOPS AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

OPEN NEWEL STAIRS:-

POPULARLY KNOWN AS OPEN WELL
STAIRS
A WELL OR OPENING IS LEFT
BETWEEN FORWARD AND
BACKWARD FLIGHT
THE OPENING IS GENERALLY USED
FOR INSTALLATION OF LIFT
A SHORT FLIGHT MAY OR MAY NOT
PROVIDED IN THESE STAIRS
GEOMETRICAL STAIRS :-
THESE STAIRS MAY HAVE ANY
GEOMETRICAL SHAPE AND THEY REQUIRE NO
NEWEL POST
THIS TYPE OF STAIR IS SIMILAR TO OPEN
NEWEL STAIR EXCEPT THE WELL FORMED
BETWEEN FORWARD AND BACKWARD FLIGHT
IS CURVED
CHANGE OF DIRECTION IN SUCH STAIRS IS
ACHIEVED BY WINDERS AND NOT BY
LANDINGS

CIRCULAR STAIRS:-
ALL THE STEPS ARE RADIATE FROM A
NEWI POST OR WELL HOLE
ALL THE STEPS ARE WINDERS
THIS IS PROVIDED WHERE SPACE IS
LIMITED AND TRAFFIC IS CASUAL
MOSTLY LOCATED AT REAR OF
BUILDING
1)STAIRS SPANNING IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION:-

INCLINED STAIR FLIGHT TOGETHER WITH

LANDING ARE SUPPORTED ON WALL &
BEAMS

IN FIG (a) THE EFFECTIVE SPAN IS

CONSIDERED BETWEEN THE CENTRE TO
CENTRE OF SUPPORTS

IN FIG (b) OF TRANSVERSE SPANNING OF

LANDINGS SPAN IS TAKEN AS SSHOWN IN FIG

IN CASE OF OPEN WELL STAIRS WHERE

SPAN PARTLY CROSS AT RIGHT ANGLES THE
LOAD ON COMMEN AREA MAY DISTRIBUTED
AS ONE HALF IN EACH DIRECTION IN FIG (C)
2)STAIR SLAB SPANNING IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION:-

FOLLOWING ARE THE MOST COMMON

EXAMPLES OF SLAB SPANNING IN
TRANSVERSE DIRECTION AS SHOWN IN
FIGURE

IN THESE SLABS WIDTH OF FLIGHT BEING

SMALL(1-1.5M)

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF 75 TO 80 MM
SHOULD BE PROVIDED

MINIMUM PERCENTAGE
REINFORCEMENT TO RESIST MAX BENDING
MOMENT SHOULD BE PROVIDED
LANDING
THE WIDTH OF THE LANDING SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN THE WIDTH
OF STAIRS

WIDTH OF STAIRS
RESIDENTIAL:-0.8 TO 1 M
PUBLIC :- 1.8 TO 2 M
TREAD
RESIDENTIAL:-220-250 MM
PUBLIC:- 250-300MM
NOT LESS THAN 200MM IN ANY CASE

RISER
RESIDENTIAL:-150-180 MM
PUBLIC:- 120-150MM
NOT MORE THAN 200MM IN ANY CASE

PITCH
SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 38
HEAD ROOM CLEARENCE
SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 2.1M

LENGTH OF FLIGHT
NO OF STEPS SHOULD BE MINIMUM 3 AND MAXIMUM 12
1) GEOMETRICAL DESIGN:-

ASSUME SUITABLE TREAD AND RISER

NO OF RISER= (F/F HEIGHT) RISE

NO OF RISERS IN ONE FLIGHT=0.5(NO OF RISERS)

NO OF TREAD = (NO OF RISERS 1)

GOING DISTANCE= (NO OF TREAD) (TREAD WIDTH)

WIDTH OF LANDING WIDTH OF STAIR

2) STRUCTURAL DESIGN:-

2.1) EFFECTIVE SPAN CALCULATION:-

EFFECTIVE SPAN CALCULATION=C/C DISTANCE BETWEEN SUPPORTS

IF NOT GIVEN WIDTH OF SUPPORT CAN BE TAKEN IN BETWEEN 200 TO 300 MM

2.2)TRIAL DEPTH OF WAIST SLAB:-

ACCORDING TO IS 456:2000 ARTICLE 23.2.1 BY CALCULATING RATIO OF SPAN TO

EFFECTIVE DEPTH AND AFTER THAT RATIO IS MULTIPLYING BY THE
MODIFICATION FACTOR
MODIFICATION FACTOR CAN BE CALCULATED BY ASSUMING % OF
TENSION REINFORCEMENT
ALTERNATE METHOD:-

1) THE THICKNESS OF WAIST SLAB(t) NORMAL TO SLOPE CAN BE ASSUMED AS

(L/20) FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLAB (L/25) FOR CONTINUOUS SLAB WHEN
WAIST SLAB SPANNING IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION

2) IN CASE OF TREAD-RISER STAIRS SPANNING LONGITUDINALLY THE

THICKNESS OF RISER & TREAD SLAB KEPT SAME WITH VALUES OF (SPAN/25)
FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND (SPAN/30) FOR CONTINUOUS STAIRCASES

(MINIMUM THICKNESS OF 80 MM SHOULD BE PROVIDED)

3) LOAD CALCULATION:-

CALCULATIONS SHOULD BE MADE BY CONSIDERING WIDTH OF

SLAB EQUAL TO 1 METRE

3.1) SELF WEIGHT OF SLAB = 25 D (R+T)/T (KN-M)

3.2)WT OF STEPS = 25 0.5 R (KN-M)

3.3)WT OF FLOOR FINISH = 1 1 (KN-M) (ASSUME)

3.4)LIVE LOAD = 3 KN/M (RESIDENTIAL BUILDING)

= 4-5 KN/M (PUBLIC BUILDING)

3.5) NET LOAD(W) =W +W +W+W

3.6)FACTORED LOAD = W=1.5 W

4) CALCULATION OF DESIGN MOMENTS:-

FIND MAX BENDING EITHER BY DRAWING SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING

MOMENT DIAGRAM OR BY CONSIDERING IT EQUALS TO (0.125W L)

5)CHECK FOR EFFECTIVE DEPTH:-

d = (M/(Rub)) d provided

6)CHECK FOR REINFORCEMENT:-

6.1)CALCULATE MAIN STEEL(Ast)

Ast =0.5Fck/Fy (1 (1 (4.6M/Fckbd))bd

Ast Ast minimum

FOR Fe 250 Ast min = 0.12 % of GROSS AREA
FOR Fe 415 Ast min = 0.15 % of GROSS AREA

6.2) PROVIDE SUITABLE DISTRIBUTION STEEL=Ast min

7) CHECK FOR SHEAR:-

7.1)CALCULATE MAX DESIGN SHEAR FORCE:-

Vud = 0.5 WL

7.2)CALCULATE SHEAR RESISTED BY CONCRETE:-

Vuc = k c bd

Vud < Vuc

VALUES OF c AND k CAN BE OBTAINED BY THE FOLLOWING TABLES

8) PROVISION OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:-

Ld req = (0.87 Fy )/4

WHERE = DIAMETRE OF BAR PROVIDED

= DESIGN BOND STRESS

9) CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:-

CALCULATE ACTUAL % OF REINFORCEMENT

L/d provided < L/d max

10) SUMMARY AND DETAILING

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN- N.KRISHNA
RAJU,R.N.PRANESH
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCUTRES-
S.RAMAMRUTHAM
CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING- GURCHARAN SINGH,SUBHASH
CHANDER