Lipids Function
and Structure
Lipid 1
I. THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF
LIPIDS
Unlike the proteins, nucleic acids, and
polysaccharides, lipids are not polymers
They are quite small molecules.
The predominance of hydrocarbon chains
(-CH2-CH2-CH2--) in their structure, lipids
have a hydrophobic, which explain why
they are insoluble or only poorly soluble in
water
They are readily solible in non polar solvent
solvent such as ether, chloroform, and
benzene
Lipid 2
Lipid 3
cis
3 2 1
Lipid 4
Lipid 5
Lipid 6
DEFINISI
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
but have many more hydrogens than
oxygens. Different types of lipids include the
neutral lipids ( fats and oils ), the
phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
Kelompok heterogen senyawa yang memiliki
sifat tidak larut dalam air; larut dalam
senyawa non polar (eter, kloroform,
benzene)
lemak, minyak, wax, dll
Lipid 7
COMPLEX, COMPOUND,
SIMPLE
CONJUGATED
Fats and phospholipids
oils
waxes Sphingolipids
Other complex
lipids
Lipid 8
PRECURSOR AND DERIVED
Fatty acid
steroids
Hormones
Fatty aldehydes
Hydrocarbons
Glycerol
Ketone bodies
Lipid soluble vitamins
Alcohols in addition to glycerol and sterols
Lipid 9
Berdasarkan muatan
Neutral Lipid
TG
Kolesterol/ester
Polar lipid
Lipid 10
Lipid 11
A. CLASSIFICATION
There are many different methods of classifying
lipids.
In this chapter used classification of lipids and
the biologic functions
FATTY ACIDS
TRIACYLGLYCEROL (triglyceride)
KETONE BODIES
PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES (Phospholipid)
SPHINGOLIPIDS
EIOCOSANOID (Prostaglandins,Thromboxanes,
Leucotrienes)
CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
Lipid 12
FATTY ACIDS
A. Nature and Nomenclature
Fatty acids are water-insoluble long-chain
hydrocarbon with one carboxyl group at
the end/beginning of the chain, which may
be saturated or unsaturated (Table 10.1
list some biologically important fatty acids)
Lipid 13
Lipid 14
1. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) do not have
double bonds in the chain
Nomenclature.
The systematic name gives the number of
carbons, with the suffix anoic (IND=ANOAT).
Palmitic acid, for example, has 16 carbons and
has the systematic name hexadecanoic acid
Structure
The general formula of saturated fatty acids is
CH3-(CH2)n-COOH
Where n specifies the number of methylene
groups between the methyl and carboxyl
carbons
Lipid 15
2. Unsaturated Fatty acids have one or more
double bonds
Nomenclature.
The most commonly used system for designating
the position of double bonds in an unsaturated
fatty acid is the delta () numbering system.
(1). The terminal carboxyl carbon is designated
carbon number 1, and the double bond is given
the number of the carbon atom on the carboxyl
side of the double bond.
For example:
Palmitoleic acid has 16 carbons and has a double
bond between carbons 9 and 10. It is designated
as 16:1 9 or 16 : 1 :9
Lipid 16
(2) The systematic name gives the number
of carbon atoms,the number of double
bonds, and bears thesuffic enoic
Palmitoleic acid is cis- 9-hexadecenoic acid;
linoleic acid, which has 18 carbons and two
double bonds, is (i.e, all double bond are cis)
cis- 9- 12
Lipid 17
Structure.
Double bonds in naturally occurring Fatty
acids are always in a cis
H H
CH2 C C CH2
cis
Lipid 18
B. SOURCES
Non essential Fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
C. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The melting point of fatty acids is related to
chain length and degree of unsaturation.
The longer the chain length, the higher the
melting point, and the greater the number of
double bonds the lower the melting point
Lipid 19
TRIACYLGLYCEROLS : FATS
Structure
Triglycerides or triacylglycerols are triesters
of glycerol and three fatty acids.
The general formula is shown here
Lipid 20
Function
The long hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids
are extraordinarily efficient for energy
storage. In fact, storage of fatty acids in
organism is largely in the form of
triacylglycerols, or fats.
Fatty acids are converted to triglycerides
for transport between tissues and for
storage of metabolic fuel.
Lipid 21
a. The main stores are the fat deposit in fats cells
(adipocytes)
b. Triglycerides have several advantages
(1) Triglycerides are light (less than water). They
complete combustion to CO2 and water release
9 kcal/g as opposed to 4 kcal/g for
carbohydrate.
(2)Triglycerides present no osmotic problems to
the cell even when stored in large amounts,
because they are water insoluble.
c.Utilization of fatty acids. The fatty acids are used
by most tissues, with the exeption of the brain .
Utilization of glycerol. The glycerol, which cannot
be used by adipose tissue cells, is picked up by
the liver as a substrate for gluconeogenesis.
Lipid 22
Lipid 23
KETONE BODIES
Keton bodies are small, water soluble,
potential units of acetate: acetone,
acetoacetate and -Hydroxybutirate, all of
which are formed from fatty acids (and
amino acid catabolism):
1. Synthesis of ketone bodies are limited,
for example, in fasting and in starvation
2. During starvation, keton bodies are the
source of fuel
Lipid 24
Lipid 25
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
A. FUNCTION
Phospholipids are the major lipid
constituent of cellular membranes and
occur in high concentration in the lipids of
glandular organs, blood plasma, egg yolk.
40 % of the lipids in the erythrocyte
membrane
over 95 % of the lipids in the inner
mitochondrial membrane, only about 20%
the inner mitochondrial membrane are
cardiolipin, a phosphoglyceride
Lipid 26
B. STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE
Phosphoglycerides are triesters of
glycerol 3-phosphate
O O
CH2 O C R1
O CH2 O C R1
O
R2 C O CH
O R2 C CH
CH2 O C R3 O
CH2 O P OH
OH
Lipid 27
Glycerophospholipid Structure
O
CH2 O C R1
O
CH O C R2
O
R3 O P O CH2
OH
Lipid 28
C CLASSIFICATION OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE
1. Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
2. Phosphatidylethanolamine (a cephalin)
3. Phosphatidylserine
4. Phosphatidylinositol
5. Cardiolipin
Lipid 29
Lipid 30
Lipid 31
Lipid 32
D. PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES
1. Amphipatic
Phosphoglycerides possessing both
hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups
2. Amphoteric
Phosphoglycerides bering both negatively
charged and positively charged groups
Lipid 33
SPHINGOLIPIDS
The greatest concentration of sphingolipids
is found in the CNS, particularly in white
matter
Types of sphingolipids: sphingomyelin and
the glycosphingolipids.
All sphingolipids are derived from
sphingosine.
Lipid 34
Lipid 35
A. SPHINGOMYELIN
Function. Sphingomyelin are the major
phospholipid component of membranes in
neural tissue
Structure. Sphingomyelin are the only
sphingolipids that contain phosphate and
have no sugar moiety
Lipid 36
Lipid 37
Sphingosin
OH O
CH3 (CH2)12 CH = CH C CH NH C R
CH2
Fatty acid
O
Phosphic acid O = P OH
+
O CH2 CH2 N(CH3)3
Cholin
Sphingomyelin
Lipid 38
B. GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID
Sphingolipids that contain carbohydrate
moieties are known as glycosphingolipids
have been distinguished : cerebrosides and
Ganglioside
1. Cerebrosides are ceramides
monohexosides, the most important being
galactocerebroside and glucocerebroside.
Cerebrosides are found in neural tissue
membrane, particularly the myelin sheath .
2. Gangliosides are ceramide
oligosaccharides, they contain one or more
neuraminic residue
Lipid 39
Lipid 40
Sia
Lipid 41
C. SPHINGOLIPIDOSES
There are a number of inherited genetic
disorders referred to as lipid storage
diseases in which there is a deficiency of
an enzyme.
For example : Gauchers disease,
Niemann-Pick disease and Tay-Sachs
Lipid 42
Lipid 43
EICOSANOIDS
Eicosanoids are products of the
metabolism of the 20-carbon-
poliunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid
Lipid 44
A. PROSTAGLANDINS
1. Structure .
Prostaglandins are analogs of prostanoic
acids
O
COOH
Prostaglandin E1
OH OH
Lipid 45
2. Function
a. Prostaglandins are widely distributed in
tissues, but their role is not yet fully
understood .
At very low concentrations prostaglandins
have been shown biologic activies, including:
(1) Smooth muscle contraction and relaction
(2) Gastric secretion
(3) Platelet aggregation
(4) Inflamatory response
(5) Response to trophic hormone (FSH & LH)
(6) Sodium and water retention by kidney
tubules
Lipid 46
B THROMBOXANES
1. Structure.
Thromboxanes are also analogs of
prostanoic acids, but they possess a six-
membered, oxygen containing ring
Lipid 47
2. Function
Thromboxane A2 (TX2) is produced by
platelets; it causes contraction of arteries
and platelet aggregation.
Lipid 48
STEROIDS
Steroids are lipids that contain four fused carbon
rings that form the steroid nucleus
cyclopentanoperhydrophenantrene
A. Sterol are a class of steroid in the human
body
1. A hydroxyl group at carbon 3 (C-3)
2. An aliphatic chain of at least eight
carbons at C-17
Lipid 49
Lipid 50
B. Cholesterol is the mayor sterol in the
human body.
1. It is a structural component of cell
membranes and plasma lipoprotein
2. It is precursor from wich steroid
hormones and bile acids are synthesized
Lipid 51
a. Steroid hormones
(1) The steroid hormones produced in humans
are formed and secreted by the adrenal
cortex, the testis, the ovary, and the
placenta.
In addition, the steroid compound, 1,25-
dihydroxycholecalciferol is form in the kidney.
The structures are
Lipid 52
(2) The adrenal cortex produces hormones
with two kind of physiologic activities.
(a) The zona fasciculate of the adrenal
cortex primarily produces cortisol in humans,
they are glucocorticoid and cortisol
(b) The zona glomerulosa produces
mineralocorticoid, that is aldosteron, which
controls the reabsorption of Na+ in the
kidney.
Lipid 53
(3). Gonadal steroids
(a)Testis produced testosterone
OH
CH3
CH3
Testosterone
Lipid 54
b. Bile acids
The predominant bile acids in humans are cholic,
chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, and lithocholic
acids (Figure 8-5)
1. Structure
a) The bile acids are C-24 steroids and are
derived from cholesterol (a C-27 steroid) by
scissor of the side chain, which leaves:
(i) A C-24 carboxyl group with the loss of
three carbons
(ii) Saturation on 5 double bond of
cholesterol
(iii) Hydroxylation of the steroid nucleus
Lipid 55
b) Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids are
formed in the liver from cholesterol and are
the primary bile acids.
Deoxycholic acids and lithocholic acids are
known as the secondary bile acids because
they are formed from the primary bile acids
c). The bile acids are conjugated to glycine or
taurine in the liver to form glycol or
taurocholate
Lipid 56
2. Function.
Continuos conversion of cholesterol to
bile acids prevents the excessive
accumulation of cholesterol in tissues.
Bile acids are secreted with faeces
Lipid 57
Lipid 58
1. storage form of metabolic fuel
2. transport form of metabolic fuel
3. part of the outer coat between the body of the
organism and the environment, providing
protection in bacteria, plants, insects and
vertebrates
4. structural components of membranes n neural
system
5. Precursor of vitamins, hormons
6. Cell cignaling
Lipid 59
SELESAI
Lipid 60
