SECTION 4.

Exponential Functions
1 Define an exponential function.
2 Graph exponential functions.
3 Use transformations on exponential functions.
4 Define simple interest.
5 Develop a compound interest formula.
6 Understand the number e.
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
A function f of the form

f x a x , a 0anda 1,

iscalledanexponentialfunctionwithbase
a.Itsdomainis(,).
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluating Exponential Functions

a.Letf x 3 . Findf 4 .
x2

b.Letg x 2 10 x. Findg 2 .
x
1 3
c.Leth x . Findh .
9 2
d. Let F(x) = 4x. Find F(3.2).
 EXAMPLE 1 Evaluating Exponential Functions

Solution
a. f 4 3
4 2
3 92

1 1
b. g 2 2 2
10 2 2 2 0.02
10 100
3
3 3
3 1
c. h 9
2
1 2
9 27
2

2 9

d. F(3.2) = 43.2 84.44850629

 RULES OF EXPONENTS
Let a, b, x, and y be real numbers with a > 0
and b > 0. Then

a
x+ y y
a a
x
a y
, x
a ,
xy

x
a
y
x y
a , a 1,
0

a
x
1 1
ab
x x
a b ,
x x
a x .
a a
 Graphing an Exponential Function with
EXAMPLE 2
Base a > 1 Exponential Growth

Graph the exponential function f x 3 .

x

Solution
Make a table of values.

Plot the points and draw a smooth curve.

 Graphing an Exponential Function with
EXAMPLE 2
Base a>1
Solution continued

This graph is typical for exponential functions

when a > 1.
 Graphing an Exponential Function with
EXAMPLE 3
Base 0 < a < 1 Exponential Decay
x
1
Sketch the graph of y .
2
Solution
Make a table of values.

Plot the points and draw a smooth curve.

 Graphing an Exponential Function with
EXAMPLE 3
Base 0 < a < 1
Solution continued

As x increases
in the positive
direction, y
decreases
towards 0.
 PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Let f (x) = ax, a > 0, a 1.

1. The domain of f (x) = ax is (, ).

2. The range of f (x) = ax is (0, ); the entire graph lies

above the x-axis.
3. For a > 1, Exponential Growth
(i) f is an increasing function, so the graph rises to
the right.
(ii) as x , y .
(iii) as x , y 0.
4. For 0 < a < 1, - Exponential Decay
(i) f is a decreasing function, so the graph falls to the
right.
(ii) as x , y .

(iii) as x , y 0.

5. The graph of f (x) = ax has no x-intercepts, so it never

crosses the x-axis. No value of x will cause f (x) = ax to
equal 0.
6. The graph of is a smooth and continuous curve, and it
passes through the points

7. The x-axis is a horizontal asymptote for every

exponential function of the form f (x) = ax.
 TRANSFORMATIONS ON EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION f (x) = ax
Transformation Equation EffectonEquation
Horizontal y=ax+b Shiftthegraphof
Shift y=ax,|b|units
(i)leftifb>0.
(ii)rightifb<0.

Vertical y=ax+b Shiftthegraphof

Shift y=ax,|b|units
(i)upifb>0.
(ii)downifb<0.
 TRANSFORMATIONS ON EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION f (x) = ax
Transformation Equation EffectonEquation

Stretchingor y=cax Multiplythey

Compressing coordinatesbyc.
(Vertically) Thegraphofy=ax
isvertically
(i)stretchedifc>1.
(ii)compressedif
0<c<1.
 TRANSFORMATIONS ON EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION f (x) = ax
Transformation Equation EffectonEquation

Reflection y=ax Reflectthegraph

ofy=axinthe
xaxis.
y=ax Reflectthegraph
ofy=axinthe
yaxis.
 EXAMPLE 6 Sketching Graphs

Use transformations to sketch the graph of each

function.
a. f x 3x 4 b. f x 3x+1

c. f x 3x d. f x 3x + 2

State the domain and range of each function and

the horizontal asymptote of its graph.
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching Graphs

Solution
a. f x 3x 4

Domain: (, )

Range: (4, )

Horizontal
Asymptote: y = 4
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching Graphs

Solution continued

b. f x 3x+1

Domain: (, )

Range: (0, )

Horizontal
Asymptote: y = 0
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching Graphs

Solution continued

c. f x 3 x

Domain: (, )

Range: (, 0)

Horizontal
Asymptote: y = 0
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching Graphs

Solution continued

d. f x 3 + 2
x

Domain: (, )

Range: (, 2)

Horizontal
Asymptote: y = 2
 General Exponential Growth/Decay Model

Rate of decay (r < 0),Growth (r > 0)

Amount after t time

periods

Number of time
periods
Original amount
 COMPOUND INTEREST Growth
Compound interest is the interest paid on both the principal and
the accrued (previously earned) interest. It is an application of
exponential growth.

Interest that is compounded annually is paid once a year. For

interest compounded annually, the amount A in the account after
t years is given by Rate of decay (r < 0),Growth (r > 0)

Amount after t time

periods Number of time
periods

Original amount
EXAMPLE 2 Calculating Compound Interest

Juanita deposits $8000 in a bank at the interest

rate of 6% compounded annually for five
years.

a. How much money will she have in her

account after five years?

b. How much interest will she receive?

 EXAMPLE 2 Calculating Compound Interest

Solution
a. Here P = $8000, r = 0.06, and t = 5.

b. Interest = A P
= $10,705.80 $8000 = $2705.80.
COMPOUND INTEREST FORMULA
nt
r
A P
1 +
n

A = amount after t years

P = principal
r = annual interest rate (expressed as a decimal)
n = number of times interest is compounded
each year
t = number of years
 Using Different Compounding Periods to
EXAMPLE 3
Compare Future Values

If $100 is deposited in a bank that pays 5%

annual interest, find the future value A after one
year if the interest is compounded

(i) annually.
(ii) semiannually.
(iii) quarterly.
(iv) monthly.
(v) daily.
 Using Different Compounding Periods to
EXAMPLE 3
Compare Future Values

Solution
In the following computations, P = 100,
r = 0.05 and t = 1. Only n, the number of times
interest is compounded each year, changes.
Since t = 1, nt = n(1) = n.
nt
r
(i) Annual A P 1+
Compounding: n
A 100 1 + 0.05 $105.00
 Using Different Compounding Periods to
EXAMPLE 3
Compare Future Values
(ii) Semiannual Compounding:
2
r
A P
1+
n
2
0.05
A 100
1+ $105.06
2
(iii) Quarterly Compounding:
4
r
A P1+
4
4
0.05
A 100
1+ $105.09
4
 Using Different Compounding Periods to
EXAMPLE 3
Compare Future Values
(iv) Monthly Compounding:
12
r
A P
1+
12
12
0.05
A 100
1+ $105.12
12
(v) Daily Compounding:
365
r
A P1+
365
365
0.05
A 100
1+ $105.13
365
 EXAMPLE 8 Bacterial Growth

A technician to the French microbiologist Louis

Pasteur noticed that a certain culture of bacteria
in milk doubles every hour. If the bacteria count
B(t) is modeled by the equation
B t 2000 2 t ,
with t in hours, find
a. the initial number of bacteria,
b. the number of bacteria after 10 hours; and
c. the time when the number of bacteria will be
32,000.
 EXAMPLE 8 Bacterial Growth

Solution
a. Initial size
B0 B 0 2000
20 2000
1 2000

b. B 10 2000
2 2, 048,000
10

c. Find t when B(t) = 32,000

32,000 2000 2 t
2 2
4 t

16 2 t
4t
After 4 hours, the number of bacteria will be
32,000.
 THE VALUE OF e
As h gets larger and larger,
h
1
1+
h
gets closer and closer to a fixed number. This
irrational number is denoted by e and is sometimes
called the Euler number.

The value of e to 15 places is

e = 2.718281828459045.
 CONTINUOUS COMPOUND
FORMULA

A Pe rt

A = amount after t years

P = principal
r = annual rate (expressed as a decimal)
t = number of years
EXAMPLE 4 Calculating Continuous Compound Interest

Find the amount when a principal of $8300 is

invested at a 7.5% annual rate of interest
compounded continuously for eight years and
three months.
Solution
P = $8300 and r = 0.075. Convert eight years
and three months to 8.25 years.
A Pe rt
0.075 8.25
A $8300e
$15, 409.83
EXAMPLE 5 Calculating the Amount of Repaying a Loan

How much money did the government owe

DeHavens descendants for 213 years on a
$450,000 loan at the interest rate of 6%?
Solution
a. With simple interest,
A P + Prt P 1 + rt
1 + 0.06 213
A $450,000

$6.201 million.
EXAMPLE 5 Calculating the Amount of Repaying a Loan

Solution continued
b. With interest compounded yearly,
A P 1 + r $450,000 1 + 0.06
t 213

11
A $1.105 10
$110.500 million.
c. With interest compounded quarterly,
4t 4 213
r 0.06
A P 1 + $450, 000 1+
4 4
11
A $1.45305 10
$145.305 billion.
EXAMPLE 5 Calculating the Amount of Repaying a Loan

Solution continued
d. With interest compounded continuously,
0.06 213
A Pe $450,000e
rt

A $1.5977 1011
$159.77 billion.

Notice the dramatic difference between

quarterly and continuous compounding and
the dramatic difference between simple
interest and compound interest.
 THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

The exponential function

f x e x

with base e is so prevalent in the sciences

that it is often referred to as the exponential
function or the natural exponential function.
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching a Graph

Use transformations to sketch the graph of

Solution
Start with the
graph of y = ex.
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching a Graph

Use transformations to sketch the graph of

Solution coninued
Shift the graph of
y = ex one unit
right.
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching a Graph

Use transformations to sketch the graph of

Solution continued
Shift the graph of
y = ex 1 two units
up.
 MODEL FOR EXPONENTIAL
GROWTH OR DECAY

A t A0 e kt

A(t) = amount at time t

A0 = A(0), the initial amount
k = relative rate of growth (k > 0) or decay
(k < 0)
t = time
 EXAMPLE 7 Modeling Exponential Growth and Decay

In the year 2000, the human population of the

world was approximately 6 billion and the
annual rate of growth was about 2.1%. Using the
model on the previous slide, estimate the
population of the world in the following years.

a. 2030
b. 1990
 EXAMPLE 7 Modeling Exponential Growth and Decay

Solution
a. The year 2000 corresponds to t = 0. So
A0 = 6 (billion), k = 0.021, and 2030
corresponds to t = 30.
A 30 6e 0.021 30

11.265663

The model predicts that if the rate of growth is

2.1% per year, over 11.26 billion people will be
in the world in 2030.
 EXAMPLE 7 Modeling Exponential Growth and Decay

Solution
b. The year 1990 corresponds to t = 10.
A 10 6e 0.021 10

4.8635055

The model predicts that the world had over 4.86

billion people in 1990. (The actual population
in 1990 was 5.28 billion.)
SECTION 4.3
Logarithmic Functions
1
Define logarithmic functions.
2 Inverse Functions
3 Evaluate logarithms.
4 Rules of Logarithms
5 Find the domains of logarithmic functions.
6 Graph logarithmic functions.
7 Use logarithms to evaluate exponential equations.
 DEFINITION OF THE
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
For x > 0, a > 0, and a 1,
y log a x ifandonlyif xa . y

The function f (x) = loga x, is called the

logarithmic function with base a.

The logarithmic function is the inverse

function of the exponential function.
 Inverse Functions
Certain pairs of one-to-one functions
undo one another. For example, if
x 5
f ( x ) 8 x + 5 and g ( x ) ,
8
then
(85) 5
f (10) 8(10) + 5 85 g (85) 10
8
 Inverse Functions
Starting with 10, we applied function
and then applied function g to the
result, which returned the number 10.
 Inverse Functions
As further examples, check that
f (3) 29 and g ( 29) 3,

f ( 5) 35 and g ( 35) 5,
3 3
g ( 2) and g 2,
8 8
 Inverse Functions
In particular, for this pair of functions,
f ( g (2)) 2 and g ( f ( 2)) 2.

In fact, for any value of x,

f ( g ( x )) x and g ( f ( x )) x,

or ( f o g )( x ) x and (g o f )( x ) x.
Because of this property, g is called the
inverse of .
Inverse Function
Let be a one-to-one function. Then g
is the inverse function of if
( f o g )( x ) x for every x in the
domain of g,
and
(g o f )( x ) x for every x in the
domain of .
 Converting from Exponential to
EXAMPLE 1
Logarithmic Form
Write each exponential equation in
logarithmic form. 4
1 1 c.a 2
7
a.4 64
3
b.
2 16
Solution
a. 4 64 log 4 64 3
3

4
1 1 1
b. log1 2 4
2 16 16
c. a 2 7 log a 7 2
 Converting from Logarithmic Form to
EXAMPLE 2
Exponential Form
Write each logarithmic equation in
exponential form.
a. log 3 243 5 b. log 2 5 x c. log a N x

Solution
a. log 3 243 5 243 3 5

b. log 2 5 x 5 2 x

c. log a N x N a x
 EXAMPLE 3 Evaluating Logarithms

Find the value of each of the following

logarithms.
a. log 5 25 b. log 2 16 c. log1 3 9
1
d. log 7 7 e. log 6 1 f. log 4
2
Solution
a. log 5 25 y 25 5 or 5 5
y 2 y
y2

b. log 2 16 y 16 2 or 2 2
y 4 y
y4
 EXAMPLE 3 Evaluating Logarithms

Solution continued
y
1
c. log1 3 9 y 9 or 32 3 y y 2
3

d. log 7 7 y 7 7 y or 71 7 y y 1

e. log 6 1 y 1 6 or 6 6
y 0 y
y0

1 1 1 1
f. log 4 y 4 or 2 2
y 2y
y
2 2 2
 EXAMPLE 4 Using the Definition of Logarithm

Solve each equation.

1
a. log 5 x 3 b. log 3 y
27
2 6 x + 10 1
2
c. log z 1000 3 d. log x
Solution
a. log 5 x 3
x 5 3
1 1
x 3
5 125
 EXAMPLE 4 Using the Definition of Logarithm

Solution continued
1
b. log 3 y c. log z 1000 3
27
1 1000 z 3
3 y

27 103 z 3
3
3 3 y
10 z
3 y
 EXAMPLE 4 Using the Definition of Logarithm

Solution continued
d. log 2 x 6 x + 10 1
2

x 6 x + 10 2 2
2 1

x 6x + 8 0
2

x 2 x 4 0
x 2 0orx 4 0
x 2orx 4
 Rules of Logarithms
Rules of Logarithms with Base a
If M, N, and a are positive real numbers with a 1, and x is
any real number, then

1. loga(a) = 1 2. loga(1) = 0
log a ( N )
N
These relationships are
3. loga(a ) = x
x used to solve
exponential or
4. a
logarithmic equations

5. loga(MN) = loga(M) + loga(N)

6. loga(M/N) = loga(M) loga(N)

7. loga(Mx) = x loga(M) 8. loga(1/N) = loga(N)

 COMMON LOGARITHMS
The logarithm with base 10 is called the
common logarithm and is denoted by
omitting the base: log x = log10 x. Thus,
y = log x if and only if x = 10 y.
Applying the basic properties of logarithms
1. log 10 = 1
2. log 1 = 0
3. log 10x = x
4.10 x
log x
 NATURAL LOGARITHMS
The logarithm with base e is called the
natural logarithm and is denoted by ln x.
That is, ln x = loge x. Thus,
y = ln x if and only if x = e y.
Applying the basic properties of logarithms
1. ln e = 1
2. ln 1 = 0
3. log ex = x
4.e x
ln x
 DOMAIN OF LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTION

Domain of y = loga x is (0, )

Range of y = loga x is (, )

Logarithms of 0 and negative

numbers are not defined.
 EXAMPLE 5 Finding the Domain

Find the domain of f x log 3 2 x

Solution
Domain of a logarithmic function must be
positive, that is,
2 x <0
2x

The domain of f is (, 2).

EXAMPLE 6 Sketching a Graph
Sketch the graph of y = log3 x.
Solution by plotting points (Method 1)
Make a table of values.
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching a Graph

Solution continued

Plot the
ordered pairs
and connect
with a smooth
curve to
obtain the
graph of
y = log3 x.
EXAMPLE 6 Sketching a Graph

Solution by using the inverse function (Method 2)

Graph y = f (x) = 3x.

Reflect the graph of

y = 3x in the line
y = x to obtain the
graph of
y = f 1(x) = log3 x.

66
GRAPHS OF LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Exponential Function Logarithmic Function
f (x) = ax f (x) = loga x
1. Domain (, ) Domain (0, )
Range (0, ) Range (, )
2. y-intercept is 1 x-intercept is 1
No x-intercept No y-intercept
3. x-axis (y = 0) is the y-axis (x = 0) is the
horizontal asymptote vertical asymptote
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Exponential Function Logarithmic Function
f (x) = ax f (x) = loga x
4. The graph is a The graph is a
continuous smooth continuous smooth
curve that passes curve that passes
through the points through the points
1 1
1, , (0, 1), and , 1, (1, 0), and
a a
(1, a). (a, 1).
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Exponential Function Logarithmic Function
f (x) = ax f (x) = loga x
5. Is one-to-one , that Is one-to-one, that is,
logau = logav
is, au = av if and if and only if u = v.
only if u = v.
6. Increasing if a > 1 Increasing if a > 1
Decreasing if 0 < a < 1 Decreasing if 0 < a < 1
EXAMPLE 7 Using Transformations

Start with the graph of f (x) = log3 x and use

transformations to sketch the graph of each
function.
a.f x log 3 x + 2 b.f x log 3 x 1

c.f x log 3 x d.f x log 3 x

State the domain and range and the vertical

asymptote for the graph of each function.
EXAMPLE 7 Using Transformations

Solution

a. f x log 3 x + 2
Shift up 2
Domain (0, )
Range (, )
Vertical
asymptote x = 0
EXAMPLE 7 Using Transformations

Solution continued

b. f x log 3 x 1
Shift right 1
Domain (1, )
Range (, )
Vertical
asymptote x = 1
EXAMPLE 7 Using Transformations

Solution continued
c. f x log 3 x

Reflect graph
of y = log3 x in
the x-axis
Domain (0, )
Range (, )
Vertical
asymptote x = 0
EXAMPLE 7 Using Transformations

Solution continued
d. f x log 3 x

Reflect graph
of y = log3 x in
the y-axis
Domain (, 0)
Range (, )
Vertical
asymptote x = 0
EXAMPLE 8 Using Transformations to Sketch a Graph

Sketch the graph of y 2 log x 2 .

Solution
Start with the graph Step 1:
of f (x) = log x. Replacing x with
x 2 shifts the
graph two units
right.
EXAMPLE 8 Using Transformations to Sketch a Graph

Solution continued
Step 2: Multiplying Step 3: Adding 2
by 1 reflects the graph shifts the graph
in the x-axis. two units up.
 Rules of Logarithms
Rules of Logarithms with Base a
If M, N, and a are positive real numbers with a 1, and x is
any real number, then

1. loga(a) = 1 2. loga(1) = 0
log a ( N )
3. loga(a ) = x
x 4. a N

5. loga(MN) = loga(M) + loga(N)

6. loga(M/N) = loga(M) loga(N)

7. loga(Mx) = x loga(M) 8. loga(1/N) = loga(N)

 Using Rules of Logarithms to Evaluate
EXAMPLE 1
Expressions

Given that log 5 z = 3 and log 5 y = 2, evaluate

each expression.
a. log 5 yz b. log 5 125y
7

z
c. log 5 d. log 5 z1/30 y 5
y
Solution
a. log 5 yz log 5 y + log 5 z
2+3
5
 Using Rules of Logarithms to Evaluate
EXAMPLE 1
Expressions
Solution continued
b. log 5 125 y 7 log 5 125 + log 5 y 7
log 5 53 + 7 log 5 y
3 + 7 2 17
1/2
z z 1
c. log 5 log 5 log 5 z log 5 y
y y 2
1 1
3 2
2 2
 Using Rules of Logarithms to Evaluate
EXAMPLE 1
Expressions
Solution continued

d. log 5 z1/30 y 5 log 5 z1/30 + log 5 y 5

1
log 5 z + 5 log 5 y
30
1
3 + 5 2
30
0.1 + 10
10.1
 EXAMPLE 2 Writing Expressions In Expanded Form

Write each expression in expanded form.

x x 1
2 3

a. log 2 b. ln x y z3 2 5

2 x + 1
4

Solution
x x 1
2 3

log 2 x x 1 log 2 2 x + 1
2 3 4
a. log 2
2 x + 1
4

log 2 x + log 2 x 1 log 2 2 x + 1

2 3 4

2log 2 x + 3log 2 x 1 4log 2 2 x + 1

 EXAMPLE 2 Writing Expressions In Expanded Form

Solution continued
b. ln x y z ln x y z
3 2 5 3

2 5 1/2

1
ln x y z
3 2 5

2
1
ln x 3 + ln y 2 + ln z 5
2
1
3ln x + 2ln y + 5ln z
2
3 5
ln x + ln y + ln z
2 2
EXAMPLE 3 Writing Expressions in Condensed Form

Write each expression in condensed form.

a. log3 x log 4 y

1
b. 2ln x + ln x 2 + 1
2

c. 2log 2 5 + log 2 9 log 2 75

1
d. ln x + ln x + 1 ln x + 1
2

3
 EXAMPLE 3 Writing Expressions in Condensed Form

Solution

3x
a. log 3 x log 4 y log
4 y

1
b. 2 ln x + ln x + 1 ln x + ln x + 1
2 2 2 1/2

2

ln x 2 x 2 + 1
 EXAMPLE 3 Writing Expressions in Condensed Form

Solution continued
c. 2log 2 5 + log 2 9 log 2 75
log 2 5 + log 2 9 log 2 75
2

log 2 25
9 log 2 75
25 9
log 2
75
log 2 3
 EXAMPLE 3 Writing Expressions in Condensed Form

Solution continued
1
d.
3
ln x + ln x + 1 ln x 2
+ 1

1
ln x x + 1 ln x + 1
2

3
1 x x + 1
ln 2
3 x + 1
x x + 1
ln 3
x +1
2
 CHANGE-OF-BASE FORMULA

Let a, b, and x be positive real numbers

with a 1 and b 1. Then logb x can be
converted to a different base as follows:
log a x log x ln x
log b x
log a b log b ln b
(base a ) (base 10) (base e)
 Using a Change of Base to Compute
EXAMPLE 4
Logarithms

Compute log513 by changing to a. common

logarithms and b. natural logarithms.
Solution
log13
a. log 5 13
log 5
1.59369
ln 13
b. log 5 13
ln 5
1.59369
EXAMPLE 9 Evaluating the Natural Logarithm

Evaluate each expression.

1
a. ln e 4
b. ln 2.5 c. ln 3
e
Solution
a. ln e 4
4

1 2.5
b. ln 2.5 ln e 2.5
e

c. ln 3 1.0986123 Use a calculator.

EXAMPLE 10 Doubling Your Money

a. How long will it take to double your money if it

earns 6.5% compounded continuously?
b. At what rate of return, compounded continuously,
would your money double in 5 years?
Solution
a. If P is the original
amount invested,
A = 2P.

It will take 11 years

to double your
money.
EXAMPLE 10 Doubling Your Money

Solution continued
b. Your investment will double
in 5 years at the rate of
13.86%.
Solving Exponential Or
Logarithmic Equations
To solve an exponential or logarithmic equation,
change the given equation into one of the following
forms, where a and b are real numbers, a > 0 and
a 1, and follow the guidelines.
1.ax = b
Solve by taking logarithms on both sides.
2. Loga x = b
Solve by changing to exponential form ab = x.
 SOLVING AN EXPONENTIAL
EQUATION
Solve 7x = 12. Give the solution to the
nearest thousandth.

Solution
While any appropriate base b can be used, the best
practical base is base 10 or base e. We choose
base e (natural) logarithms here.
 SOLVING AN EXPONENTIAL
EQUATION
Solve 7x = 12. Give the solution to the
nearest thousandth.
Solution
7 x 12
In 7 In 12
x
Property of logarithms

xIn 7 In 12 Power of logarithms

In 12
x Divide by In 7.
In 7
x 1.277 Use a calculator.
The solution set is {1.277}.
 SOLVING AN EXPONENTIAL
EQUATION
Solve 32x 1 = .4x+2 . Give the solution to the
nearest thousandth.
Solution
32 x 1 .4 x +2
Take natural
2 x 1 x +2 logarithms on both
In 3 In .4 sides.
(2 x 1) In 3 ( x + 2) In .4 Property power

2 x In 3 In 3 x In .4 + 2 In .4 Distributive property
 SOLVING AN EXPONENTIAL
EQUATION
Solve 32x 1 =.4x+2 . Give the solution to the nearest
thousandth.
Solution
Write the terms
2 x In 3 x In .4 2 In .4 + In 3 with x on one side

x(2 In 3 In .4) 2 In .4 + In 3 Factor out x.

2 In .4 + 3 Divide by
x
2 In 3 .4 2 In 3 In .4.

In .42 + In 3
x Power property
In 32 In .4
 SOLVING AN EXPONENTIAL
EQUATION
Solve 32x 1 =.4x+2 . Give the solution to the nearest
thousandth.
Solution
In .16 + In 3 Apply the
x
In 9 In .4 exponents.

In .48
This is exact. x Product property;
9
In Quotient property
.4
This is approximate.
x .236
The solution set is { .236}.
 SOLVING BASE e EXPONENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Solve the equation. Give solutions to the nearest
thousandth.
x2
a. e 200
Solution x2
e 200
x2 Take natural logarithms
In e In 200 on both sides.
x2
x In 200
2
In e = x2
 SOLVING BASE e EXPONENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Solve the equation. Give solutions to the nearest
thousandth.
x2
a. e 200 Remember
both roots.
Solution
x In 200 Square root property

x 2.302 Use a calculator.

The solution set is { 2.302}.

 SOLVING BASE e EXPONENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Solve the equation. Give solutions to the nearest
thousandth.
b. e 2 x +1 e 4 x 3e
Solution
2 x +1 4 x
e e 3e
2 x +1
e 3e a m ga n a m + n
2 x am
e 3 Divide by e; n a m n .
a
2 x
In e In 3 Take natural logarithms
on both sides.

2 x In e In 3 Power property
 SOLVING BASE e EXPONENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Solve the equation. Give solutions to the nearest
thousandth.
2 x +1 4 x
b. e e 3e
Solution
2 x In 3 In e = 1
1
x In 3 Multiply by
2
x .549
The solution set is { .549}.
 SOLVING A LOGARITHMIC
EQUATION
Solve log(x + 6) log(x + 2) = log x.
Solution
log( x + 6) log( x + 2) log x

x+6
log log x Quotient property
x+2

x+6
x Property of
x+2 logarithms

x + 6 x ( x + 2)
 SOLVING A LOGARITHMIC
EQUATION
Solve log(x + 6) log(x + 2) = log x.
Solution
x + 6 x + 2x
2
Distributive property

x + x 60
2
Standard form

( x + 3)( x 2) 0 Factor.

x 3 or x 2 Zero-factor property
The proposed negative solution (x = 3) is not in
the domain of the log x in the original equation, so
the only valid solution is the positive number 2,
giving the solution set {2}.
 SOLVING A LOGARITHMIC
EQUATION

Solve log(3x + 2) + log(x 1 ) = 1. Give the

exact value(s) of the solution(s).

Solution
log(3 x + 2) + log( x 1) 1
log(3 x + 2) + log( x 1) log10 Substitute.

log[(3 x + 2)( x 1)] log10 Product property

(3 x + 2)( x 1) 10 Property of
logarithms
 SOLVING A LOGARITMIC
EQUATION

Solve log(3x + 2) + log(x 1 ) = 1. Give the

exact value(s) of the solution(s).

Solution
3 x x 2 10
2
Multiply.

3 x 2 x 12 0 Subtract 10.

1 1 + 144 Quadratic formula

x
6
 SOLVING A LOGARITMIC
EQUATION

Solve log(3x + 2) + log(x 1 ) = 1. Give the

exact value(s) of the solution(s).

Solution
1 145
The number 6 is negative, so x 1 is
negative. Therefore, log(x 1) is not defined
and this proposed solution must be discarded.
1 + 145
Since 6 > 1, both 3x + 2 and x 1 are
positive and the solution set is
1 + 145
.
6
 NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING
Newtons Law of Cooling states that

T Ts + T0 Ts e ,
kt

where T is the temperature of the object at

time t, Ts is the surrounding temperature,
and T0 is the value of T at t = 0.
EXAMPLE 11 McDonalds Hot Coffee

The local McDonalds franchise has

discovered that when coffee is poured from a
coffeemaker whose contents are 180F into a
noninsulated pot, after 1 minute, the coffee
cools to 165F if the room temperature is 72F.
How long should the employees wait before
pouring the coffee from this noninsulated pot
into cups to deliver it to customers at 125F?
EXAMPLE 11 McDonalds Hot Coffee

Solution
Use Newtons Law of Cooling with T0 = 180
and Ts = 72 to obtain
T 72 + 180 72 e kt

kt
T 72 + 108e
We have T = 165 and t = 1.
k 93
165 72 + 108e ln k
108
93 k
e k 0.1495317
108
 EXAMPLE 11 McDonalds Hot Coffee

Solution continued
Substitute this value for k.
0.1495317t
T 72 + 108e
Solve for t when T = 125.
0.1495317 t
125 72 + 108e 1 53
125 72 t ln
e 0.1495317 t 0.1495317 108
108 t 4.76
53
ln 0.1495317t The employee should
108 wait about 5 minutes.
 GROWTH AND DECAY MODEL

A A0 e rt

A is the quantity after time t.

A0 is the initial (original) quantity (when t = 0).
r is the growth or decay rate per period.
t is the time elapsed from t = 0.
EXAMPLE 12 Chemical Toxins in a Lake

A chemical spill deposits 60,000 cubic meters

of soluble toxic waste into a large lake. If 20%
of the waste is removed every year, how many
years will it take to reduce the toxin to 1000
cubic meters?
Solution
In the equation A = A0ert, we need to find A0, r,
and the time when A = 1000.
EXAMPLE 12 Chemical Toxins in a Lake

Solution continued
1. Find A0. Initially (t = 0), we are given
A0 = 60,000. So
A 60,000e rt

2. Find r. When t = 1 year, the amount of toxin

will be 80% of its initial value, or
EXAMPLE 12 Chemical Toxins in a Lake

Solution continued
2. continued So
EXAMPLE 12 Chemical Toxins in a Lake

Solution continued
3. Find t when A = 1000.

It will take approximately 18 years to reduce

toxin to 1000 m3.