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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method of digitally representing sampled analog signals. In PCM, an analog signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, then each sample is quantized to one of a finite number of levels. These digital samples are then encoded into binary numeric codes. At the receiver, the digital signal is decoded into the analog replica of the original signal through a process involving regeneration, decoding, and reconstruction. PCM allows analog signals to be transmitted over digital communication channels.

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387 views11 pages

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a method of digitally representing sampled analog signals. In PCM, an analog signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, then each sample is quantized to one of a finite number of levels. These digital samples are then encoded into binary numeric codes. At the receiver, the digital signal is decoded into the analog replica of the original signal through a process involving regeneration, decoding, and reconstruction. PCM allows analog signals to be transmitted over digital communication channels.

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RAJKUMAR
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pulse Code Modulation

(PCM)

1
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Pulse Code Modulation refers to a digital


baseband signal that is generated directly
from the quantizer and encoder output
Sometimes the term PCM is used
interchangeably with quantization

2
The basic elements of a PCM system.

3
Pulse-Code Modulation
PCM (Pulse-Code Modulation)
A message signal is represented by a sequence of coded
pulses, which is accomplished by representing the signal in
discrete form in both time and amplitude
The basic operation
Transmitter : sampling, quantization, encoding
Receiver : regeneration, decoding, reconstruction

Operation in the Transmitter


1. Sampling
1. The incoming message signal is sampled with a train of rectangular
pulses
2. The reduction of the continuously varying message signal to a limited
number of discrete values per second
2. Nonuniform Quantization
1. The step size increases as the separation from the origin of the input-
output amplitude characteristic is increased, the large end-step of the
quantizer can take care of possible excursions of the voice signal into
the large amplitude ranges that occur relatively infrequently.
4
3. Encoding
1.To translate the discrete set of sample
vales to a more appropriate form of
signal
2.A binary code
The maximum advantage over the effects of
noise in a transmission medium is obtained by
using a binary code, because a binary symbol
withstands a relatively high level of noise.
The binary code is easy to generate and
regenerate

5
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Regeneration Along the Transmission Path
The ability to control the effects of distortion and noise produced
by transmitting a PCM signal over a channel
Equalizer
Shapes the received pulses so as to compensate for the effects of
amplitude and phase distortions produced by the transmission
Timing circuitry
Provides a periodic pulse train, derived from the received pulses
Renewed sampling of the equalized pulses
Decision-making device
The sample so extracted is compared o a predetermined threshold
ideally, except for delay, the regenerated signal is exactly the
same as the information-bearing signal
1. The unavoidable presence of channel noise and interference causes the
repeater to make wrong decisions occasionally, thereby introducing bit
errors into the regenerated signal
2. If the spacing between received pulses deviates from its assigned
value, a jitter is introduced into the regenerated pulse position, thereby
causing distortion.
7
Activity
Write as many words from the letters in
the box within 1 minute.
9
Receiver
Operations in the Receivers
1. Decoding and expanding
1.Decoding : regenerating a pulse whose
amplitude is the linear sum of all the pulses in
the code word
2.Expander : a subsystem in the receiver with a
characteristic complementary to the compressor
1.The combination of a compressor and an expander is a
compander

2. Reconstruction
1.Recover the message signal : passing the
expander output through a low-pass
reconstruction filter

10
Unscramble it

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