Construction & Mining Technique

Atlas Copco Wagner Inc.

Division
Construction & Mining Technique
 Basic
Hydraulics
Fluid Power System

 Fluid Power Systems are power transmitting

assemblies employing pressurised liquid or gas
to transmit energy.

 Fluid power can be divided into two basic

disciplines

> Hydraulics – Employing pressurised liquid

> Pneumatics - Employing compressed gas

What is Hydraulic?

 Hydraulics is derived from the Greek word

- Hydor meaning Water

- Aulos meaning Pipe

Definition of Hydraulic

In simple language:

Confined liquids under pressure made to do work.

OR
Science of transmitting force / motion through the
medium of confined liquid
Definition of Hydraulic

Hydraulics can be divided in to two Sciences :

 Hydrodynamic : The science of moving liquid. The kinetic

energy of the moving fluid is used to do work. Water wheel /
Turbine is the example.

 Hydrostatics : The science of confined liquid under

pressure. The force generated due to creation of pressure
on confined liquid is used to do work.
Hydraulic cylinders is the example.
Pascal Law

Hydraulic system is based on Pascal’s law.

 Pressure applied on a confined fluid is transmitted

in all directions and acts with equal force on all
equal areas and at right angles to them

Pascal Law was named after the French Scientist –

Blaise Pascal
Pascal’s Law - illustration
Hydraulic Press – working principle

 Realising that a small force on a small area

would create a proportionately larger force
on a larger area, a British mechanic named
Joseph Bramah applied Pascal’s Law in
developing an Hydraulic Press.
Hydraulic Press – working principle
 Advantages of oil in Hydraulics
 Variable speed : Possible to control speed through valve.
 Reversible : Instant reverse motion is possible. No need
to stop the system to change direction.
 Over load protection : Protected through relief valve from over-
loading.
 Small package : Components are smaller than other power
transmitting system.
 Can be stalled : Not possible on direct drive system from
Electric motor / Diesel engine.
 Simple design : Pre-engineered components available.
 Self lubricated : Hydraulic oil lubricates the parts.
 Flexible : Flexible hoses virtually eliminate the location
problem of the hydraulic components.
 Smooth : Incompressible, no vibration.
 Acts as coolant : It dissipates heat / cools the component,
 Acts as seal ; It seals clearances between two mating parts.
 Noise free : No noise.
Functions of Hydraulic Oil

 It transmits power.

 It lubricates moving parts

 It seals clearances between

moving parts

 It dissipates heat
Hydraulic System
 Reservoir

 Filter

 Hydraulic Pump

 Directional Control Valve

 Pressure Control Valve

 Actuator (Cylinder/Motor)
Reservoir

First a tank is needed to store the hydraulic oil

Tank / Reservoir
Reservoir
 Storing oil

 Compensates difference in volume when

actuators are used

 It dissipates heat

 It allows foreign particles to settle down

 Baffle separates inlet line with the return line

and allows the air bubbles to escape to the
surface of the oil
Reservoir
 It allows condensed water to settle at the bottom
of the tank

 Breather on the top of the tank allows to

maintain atmospheric pressure and avoid
creation of vacuum

 Sight glass will indicate the level of the oil.

Mercury bulb in it will indicate the oil
temperature

 Oil filling inlet will have a filter for avoiding

contamination.
Pump
Now we need a pump to create flow

Pump

Tank
Pump
 Hydraulic Pump is the most important component in
the hydraulic system.

 Function of the Hydraulic Pump is to convert

Mechanical Energy to Hydraulic Energy

 Hydraulic Pump are classified in two catagories:

- Hydro-dynamic

- Hydro-static
Pump

 Two types of hydraulic pumps are

most commonly used:

- Rotary Pumps

- Reciprocating Pumps
Rotary Pumps

 Common Pumps in Rotary type are:

- Gear Pumps

- Vane Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps

 Common Pumps in Reciprocating

type are:

- Axial Piston Pump

- Radial Piston Pump

Actuators
The Actuator (Motor / Cylinder) to work

Actuator

Pump
Tank
Actuators
 There are mainly two types of
Actuators:

- Linear actuators (single acting

cylinders, double acting cylinders)

- Rotary actuators (vane motors,

gear motors, piston motors etc.)
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Hoses to
connect the Piston reverse
components movement is not
possible

We need a direction
control valve to change
the direction of flow as
per requirement
Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve

Pump

Tank
Valves
 Valves are components which guide
hydraulic oil delivered by the Pump to the
actuators.

 Valves regulate the hydraulic oils

- Volume rate of flow

- Pressure

- Direction
Valves design

 There are mainly two design

principles for valves

- Spool valves

- Poppet valves
Types of Valves

 There are three main types of Valves:

- Pressure Control Valves (relief valves,

pressure regulating valve, pressure
reducing valve etc.)

- Directional Control Valves (check valve,

axial spool valve, ball valve etc.)

- Flow Control Valves (needle valve,

throttle check valve etc.)
Two way Spool valve
Spool type Four way valve
 Pressure Close - “A” & “B” open to tank

“A” & “B” Close - Pressure open to tank

Three position Valve
Variable restrictor type
Flow control valve
Simple Poppet type
Check valve
Pilot operated
check valve
Shuttle valve
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve
The control valve is at
neutral position

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve Now the control valve
is shifted to left

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve
To change the piston
movement in opposite
direction the control
valve is now shifted to
right
Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Is it complete circuit ?
OR
Direction
Control Valve

We need some thing more

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator
Piston at end
-No room to
move

yes
Pressure
increases

Direction

We need some We
thing more
Control Valve

need to
control the
Pump
system
Tank
pressure
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve
Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve Stops pressure increasing
beyond the preset value
Pump

Tank
Direct acting
Relief valve
Hydraulic System
Actuator
Now we have a system
which can work

But is this system protected

from dirt!!!!

Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve

Pump

Tank
Hydraulic System
Actuator

We need to protect the system

from dirt by installing a FILTER
in the system
Direction
Control Valve

Pressure
relief valve We have a system now which
can work safely
Pump

Filter
Tank
Is filtration necessary?
 Impurities in the Hydraulic system affect the the
components of the hydraulic system and shorten
the service life.

 Reduction in service life of the components occur

in two ways

- Wear and Tear

- Breakdown of component

Filters are used to remove the smallest insoluble

particles and keep the hydraulic system clean
Filters

 There are basically three types of

Filters

- Suction line filters

- Pressure line filters

- Return line filters

Hydraulic System
Now we know :
Actuator

• Tank contains oil

• Filter cleans the system
• Pump creates flow
Direction
Control Valve • Resistance creates pressure
• Actuator to perform the work
Pressure • Hoses to transmit the oil
relief valve
• D.C. Valve to change direction
Pump of oil flow
Filter • Relief valve to control the
Tank maximum system pressure.
Hydraulic System
Actuator

Few more facts :

• Pressure increases the system
Direction capacity
Control Valve
• Flow increases the system
speed
Pressure
relief valve

Pump

Filter
Tank
Hydraulic System
LOAD

OIL

Hydraulic jack