Module 6 - 1
Module 6
Metal Properties
and
Destructive Testing
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Module 6 - 2
Metal Properties
Physicalproperties (density)
Mechanical properties *
Alloy chemistry
Alloy heat treatment
* Mechanical properties depend on alloy
chemistry, heat treatment and cold work.
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Module 6 - 3
Strength
The ability of a material to bear an applied
load
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Module 6 - 4
Strength
Two common methods of expression:
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
Yield strength (or yield point)
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Module 6 - 5
Metal Behavior Under Load
Elastic - No permanent deformation
Plastic - Permanent deformation
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Module 6 - 6
Elastic
Behavior of
Steel
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Module 6 - 7
Temperature Effects
As metal temperatures increase:
Strength decreases
Hardness decreases
Ductility increases
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Module 6 - 8
Ductility
The ability of a metal to deform without breaking
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Module 6 - 9
Brittle vs Ductile Failure
Brittle Ductile
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Module 6 - 10
Ductility Terms
Percent elongation
Percent reduction of area
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Module 6 - 11
Directional Properties
Both strength and ductility are affected by the
rolling direction of the metal. The three axes
of rolling direction are referred to as the X, Y,
and Z directions.
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Module 6 - 12
Rolling Directions
X Direction Best Strength & Ductility
Y Direction 10 - 30% Less Strength
20 - 50% Less Ductility
Z Direction Still Lower Strength & Ductility
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Module 6 - 13
Hardness
Ability to resist indentation
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Module 6 - 14
Indenter Types
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Module 6 - 15
Hardness Tester
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Module 6 - 16
Indentation
Shapes
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Module 6 - 17
Toughness
The ability to absorb energy
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Module 6 - 18
Toughness Comparison
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Module 6 - 19
Notch Toughness
Toughness in the presence of surface notches
and rapid loading
(also referred to as Impact Strength)
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Module 6 - 20
Stress Riser
A surface condition, or geometric feature,
that increases the applied stress at the
condition or geometry
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Module 6 - 21
Stress Risers (Notch Effects)
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Module 6 - 22
Notch Effects on Fatigue
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Module 6 - 23
Surface Finish Effects on Fatigue
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Module 6 - 24
Ductile - to - Brittle
Transition Temperature
The temperature at which a metal fracture
mode changes from ductile to brittle
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Module 6 - 25
Fatigue Strength
The strength of a metal when exposed to
repeated reversals of cyclic stresses
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Module 6 - 26
Endurance Limit
The maximum stress at which no failure will
occur, regardless of cycles
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Module 6 - 27
Typical S-N Curves
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Module 6 - 28
Soundness
Freedom from discontinuities
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Module 6 - 29
Chemical Properties
Metals are mixtures of elements, and are
referred to as alloys
Minor changes in alloy composition can
have major effects on alloy properties such
as mechanical strength, corrosion resistance
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Module 6 - 30
Common Steel Alloys
Common Name C% Typical Use Weldability
Ingot iron .03* Deep drawing Excellent
Low C .15* Electrodes Excellent
Mild Steel .15-.30 Structural Good
Medium C .30-.50 Machinery Fair
High C .50-1.0 Springs, dies Poor
* Single values are maximums
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Module 6 - 31
Low Alloy Steels
Highstrength, low alloy additions
Used for Automotive sheet & machinery
Good low temperature properties
Good elevated temperature properties
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Module 6 - 32
High Alloy Steels
Corrosion resistant
Good high temperature properties
High strength
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Stainless Steels
Contain at least 12% Cr
Austenitic
Martensitic
Ferritic
Precipitation hardening
Duplex
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Module 6 - 34
Elements in Steels - 1 of 2
C - Most important
S - Undesirable
P - Undesirable
Si - Deoxidizer
Mn - Combines with S
Cr - Hardenability, Corrosion Resistance
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Module 6 - 35
Elements in Steels - 2 of 2
Mo - Hardenability
Ni - Toughness, Ductility
Al - Deoxidizer
V - Hardenability
Nb - Stabilizer
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Module 6 - 36
Dissolved Gases
(Embrittle steels, cause porosity)
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Module 6 - 37
Aluminum Alloys
Heat treatable
Major Alloying Aluminum Association
Element Number
Cu 2XXX
Mg & Si 6XXX
Zn 7XXX
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Module 6 - 38
Aluminum Alloys
Non-heat treatable
Major Alloying Aluminum Association
Element Number
Pure Al 1XXX
Mn 3XXX
Si 4XXX
Mg 5XXX
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Module 6 - 39
Nickel Alloys
Corrosionresistant
Good low temperature properties
Good high temperature properties
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Module 6 - 40
Copper Alloys
Electrical
conductivity
Resistance to corrosion
Resistance to erosion
Resistance to water and salt water
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Module 6 - 41
Destructive Testing
Failing, or destroying, a part, or a portion
thereof, to determine its properties
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Module 6 - 42
Nondestructive Testing
Does not affect the serviceability of the part
after testing is completed
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Module 6 - 43
Tensile Testing
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Module 6 - 44
Typical Stress/Strain Curve - Steel
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Module 6 - 45
Sample Preparation
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Module 6 - 46
Area of a Circular Cross Section
Example 1
Area (circle)= x Radius2 = R2
= x Diameter2 = D2
4 4
Sample Diameter, D = 0.505 in.
Sample Radius, R = 0.2525 in.
Area = 3.1416 x 0.25252
Area = 0.20 in2
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Module 6 - 47
Alternate Calculation
Example 2 (using diameter directly)
Area = D2
4
Area = 3.1416 x (0.505) 2
4
Area = 0.20 in2
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Module 6 - 48
Calculation Shortcut
Area of Circle shortcut:
Area = 0.7854 x D2
because:
4 = 3.1416 4 = 0.7854
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Module 6 - 49
Calculation of Tensile Strength
Example 3
Load to break = 12,500 lbs
Area of sample = 0.20 in. 2
Tensile strength = load area
Tensile strength = 12,500 0.20
Tensile strength = 62,500 psi
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