Transactional analysis (TA) was developed by Eric Berne in the 1960s and proposes that people have three ego states - parent, adult, and child - that influence behaviors and interactions. Berne believed people are born "OK" but early experiences can influence maximum development, and through TA one can achieve autonomy, spontaneity, and intimacy. TA involves analyzing interactions, psychological games, and "scripts" to understand behaviors on structural, functional, and transactional levels.
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Transactional analysis (TA) was developed by Eric Berne in the 1960s and proposes that people have three ego states - parent, adult, and child - that influence behaviors and interactions. Berne believed people are born "OK" but early experiences can influence maximum development, and through TA one can achieve autonomy, spontaneity, and intimacy. TA involves analyzing interactions, psychological games, and "scripts" to understand behaviors on structural, functional, and transactional levels.
Transactional analysis (TA) was developed by Eric Berne in the 1960s and proposes that people have three ego states - parent, adult, and child - that influence behaviors and interactions. Berne believed people are born "OK" but early experiences can influence maximum development, and through TA one can achieve autonomy, spontaneity, and intimacy. TA involves analyzing interactions, psychological games, and "scripts" to understand behaviors on structural, functional, and transactional levels.
Copyright:
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Transactional analysis (TA) was developed by Eric Berne in the 1960s and proposes that people have three ego states - parent, adult, and child - that influence behaviors and interactions. Berne believed people are born "OK" but early experiences can influence maximum development, and through TA one can achieve autonomy, spontaneity, and intimacy. TA involves analyzing interactions, psychological games, and "scripts" to understand behaviors on structural, functional, and transactional levels.
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WELCOME
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Dr. Eric Berne M. D. developed the theory
Transactional Analysis, popularly known as T.A, during 1960- 1970. Berne believed in the basic philosophy that every human being is born OK. Early childhood experiences stand in the way of development of human potential to the maximum. Since man has the basic core of OK ness within him he can become OK and achieve autonomy, spontaneity and intimacy. Deviating from the then practice of psychoanalysis Dr. Berne developed this new concept of T.A. It includes analyzing the structure and function of human mind, analyzing interactions between individuals, analyzing psychological games, rackets, and finally scripts. THE PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS ON WHICH T.A. IS BASED ARE:
• PEOPLE ARE OK • EVERYONE HAS A CAPACITY TO THINK • PEOPLE DECIDE THEIR OWN DESTINY AND THESE DECISIONS CAN BE CHANGED. EGO STATES
Dr. Berne observed that human mind has three
different levels, each having a consistent pattern of thoughts and feelings manifested by a corresponding pattern of behaviour. These states of mind are being called Parent ego state, Adult ego state and Child ego state presumably based on the nature of particular ego state. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
NC LP NC - Natural / Free Child LP - Little Professor A C AC - Adapted Child CC RC CC - Compliant Child RC - Rebellious Child PATHOLOGY CONTAMINATION Intrusion of Parent / Child ego state into the Adult ego state.
P P A
A Contaminated A area A
C C C
Parent Child Double
Contamination Contamination Contamination EXCLUSION one or more ego states non - functional a) Constant ego state
P P P
A A A
C C C a) Exclusion
P P
Excluded ego state
A A
C C EGOGRAM • Jack Dussay • Tool for behavioural change. • Constancy Hypothesis.
Total psychic energy that can be spent in
one day is summed as 100 units. It is divided among 5 functional ego states.
• Increase in one ego state results in decrease in
the other.
CP NP A AC FC TRANSACTIONS
• Unit of social discourse.
• Consists of a stimulus and a response. • Transactions are represented by vectors. • It is an exchange of strokes. TYPES OF TRANSACTIONS COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS • Response is from the appropriate and expected ego state and directed towards the ego state from which stimulus originates.
• Vectors are parallel.
P P P P P P
A A A A A A
C C C C C C
• Complementary transactions can continue for a long time.
CROSSED TRANSACTIONS • Response is not from appropriate and expected ego state. • Break in communication results. • Either party can switch over to a different ego state to resume relation. • Common cause for interpersonal problems.
P P P P
A A A A
C C C C ULTERIOR TRANSACTIONS • Three or more ego states are involved. • Social Message as well as psychological message. • Outcome of the transaction is based on psychological message. • Unhealthy transaction. • Two types - Angular and Duplex.
P P P P
A A A A
C C C C
Angular Transaction Duplex Transaction
RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
P P
A A
C C
Different channels for communication
Are you stuck up in any one channel? STROKES
• Stimulus Hunger • Essential for existence • Lack of strokes will shrivel up spinal cord • For the healthy existence of ego states varied and continuous flow of strokes is required • Even negative strokes are enough for survival • Stroke reinforces behaviour. TYPES OF STROKES • Verbal and non - verbal • Positive and negative • Conditional (for doing), conditional positive & conditional negative. • Unconditional (for being), unconditional positive & unconditional negative. • Self Strokes • Plastic strokes. • Stroking Pattern • Stroke filtering • Stroke economy
Realise: Importance of unconditional positive stroke!
Never give unconditional negative strokes! TIME STRUCTURING • Structure hunger. • Time is structured to meet the stroke requirement of the person concerned.
Withdrawal - refuses interaction with others
Rituals - Stereotyped and programmed complementary transactions Pastime - to structure an interval of time. Activity - work - conditional stroke. Games - Psychological games are played for particular type of strokes. Intimacy - Game tree relating with other. LIFE POSITIONS
• “Every child is born as prince or princess but
parents make them frogs”. • People are born OK. • Experiences force them to believe otherwise and take up a position of being not OK. • Everybody is relating with others. Experiences result in taking a position of you are OK or not OK. FOUR LIFE POSITIONS (1) I am OK, You are OK. (2) I am not OK, You are OK. (3) I am OK, You are not OK. (4) I am not OK, You are not OK.
Forms attitude - A colour glass to look up at the world.
Experiences
Behaviours Positions
VICIOUS CYCLE OF LIFE
The four basic positions can rarely be changed by external circumstances. Stable changes must come from within either spontaneously or under some therapeutic influences or love, which is nature’s psychotherapy.
- Dr. Berne. OK CORRAL BY FRANKLIN ERNEST You are OK
Get away from people Get on with people
I I- U+ I+ U+ I Depressive position Healthy position am am not Get nowhere Get rid of people OK I- U- I+ U- OK Futility position Paranoid position
You are not OK
GAMES AND RACKETS PSYCHOLOGICAL GAMES
A series of ulterior complementary transactions
progressing to a well defined predictable out come”
- Berne C+G=RSXP
C - Con G - Gimmick R - Response S - Switch X - Cross up P - Payoff Games are played without Adult awareness.
Child has the cleverness to select partners and
initiate games for required negative stroke (pay off)
Examples “RAPO” “Why don’t you”? “Yes, but” “Kick me” “Poor me” “Wooden leg” “NIGYSOB” etc. DRAMA TRIANGLE KARPMAN
(Persecutor) (Rescuer)
(Victim)
Do you play psychological games?
If yes, why?
• Script fulfillment • Games provide pay off required for advancement / fulfillment of script. RACKET
• Racketeering is a particular mode of behaviour
resulting in racket feelings. • Racket feeling is inauthentic. • Children express feelings to meet their needs. if it is not met , they escalate their feelings. If still not met adapted behaviours are formed. • Families have their own favoured feelings. • Racket feeling is a substituted feeling (Fanita English) • Racket feeling results in confirming script decisions and thereby advancement of scripts. RACKET SYSTEM MERLIN ZALCMAN
RACKET SYSTEM
Script Behaviour RACKETY DISPLAYS Reinforcing
& Feelings memories 1. Behaviour feelings suppressed 2. Internal experience at the time of script 3. Fantasies
SCRIPT BELIEF 1. Self 2. Others Emotional 3. Quality of life Memories SCRIPT Script is an ongoing life plan Decided by Child Confirmed by subsequent experience
Early childhood experience force the child to arrive at a
strategy for future life. This becomes a motivating force, for behaviour. Based on the quality of early decisions people turn out to be winners, losers or banal. The comedy or tragedy of each human life is that it is planned by an urchin of pre-school age. He is the Emperor of life who decides how each person will die - Dr. Eric Berne Script matrix (Claude Steiner)
SON P P M F O P A T T H H E A A E R R A P1 P1 A1 A1 P1 C1 C1 A1
C1 Can we change our script “Yes” Your script is your decisions, who else can change it! You have the sole responsibility for your behaviour. If you want to change for better, TA is a handy tool.
