Introduction to

Programming Concepts
Using SAS Software

Course Notes
 Chapter 1 Learning the Concepts of SAS Programming
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Explaining the Basic Functionality of SAS Software
1.3 Navigating within SAS
1.4 Identifying the File Types Used in SAS
1.5 Identifying the Components of a SAS Program
1.6 Exercises

Chapter 2 Introducing the Course Scenarios

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Defining the Lecture Scenario
2.3 Defining the Exercise Scenario

2
 Chapter 3 Reading a Raw Data File with the DATA Step
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Planning to Read a Raw Data File
3.3 Coding to Read a Raw Data File
3.4 Exercises

Chapter 4 Navigating the SAS Windowing Environment

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Entering and Executing SAS Code
4.3 Editing SAS Code
4.4 Saving and Retrieving SAS Code
4.5 Additional Topics (Optional)
4.6 Exercises

3
 Chapter 5 Permanent SAS Data Sets
5.1 Creating a Permanent SAS Data Set
5.2 Exercises

Chapter 6 Creating a List Report with a PROC Step

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Planning to Create a List Report
6.3 Coding to Create a List Report
6.4 Exercises
6.5 sfj

Chapter 7 Creating a Variable with the DATA Step

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Planning to Create a Variable
7.3 Coding to Create a Variable
4
7.4 Exercises
 Chapter 8 Performing Conditional Logic with the DATA Step
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Planning to Perform Conditional Logic to Create a Variable
8.3 Coding to Perform Conditional Logic to Create a Variable
8.4 Exercises

Chapter 9 Creating Statistical Reports with PROC Steps

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Planning to Create a Summary Report
9.3 Coding to Create a Summary Report
9.4 Planning to Create a Frequency Report
9.5 Coding to Create a Frequency Report
9.6 Exercises

5
 Chapter 10 Additional Topics
10.1 Sorting the Observations in a SAS Data Set
10.2 Reading Excel Spreadsheets
10.3 Exercises

Chapter 11 Learning More

11.1 Where Do I Go From Here?
11.2 SAS Institute Resources

6
Chapter 1
Learning the Concepts of
SAS Programming
Section 1.1
Introduction
 Objectives
Explain the basic functionality of SAS software.
Identify the file types used in SAS.
Identify the components of a SAS program.

9
 What Is SAS?
SAS is a collection of components that enable you to
manage, manipulate, and examine your data.
Reporting Data Access
User
and and
Interfaces
Graphics Management

Application
Analytical Base SAS
Development

Visualization Business Web

and Discovery Solutions Enablement

10 ...
...
 Components of SAS
Given below are the components of the SAS software package -

Base SAS - Provides data manipulation and programming capabilities and some
elementary statistics.
SAS Stat - Provides all statistical programs except elementary statistics which are with
Base SAS and elementary normal character plot graphs.
SAS Graph - Provides high quality camera ready graphs and maps.
SAS ETS - Econometric and time series module.
SAS OR - Operational research module.
SAS QC - Quality control module.
SAS FSP - Full-screen product module that allows to search, modify or delete records from
a SAS Dataset and provides data entry with data checking features.
SAS AF - Application module that allows development of customized application.
Enterprise Miner - Data mining module.
SAS EIS - Enterprise information system that allows for multi-dimensional database design
with OLAP feature.
SAS EMA - Enterprise marketing automation module, which is the CRM suite from SAS
Institute with high level campaign management features.
Data Flux - Extraction, transformation & loading (ETL) tool, which is used for deduplication
and data cleansing activities.
11 ...
...
Section 1.2
Explaining the Basic
Functionality of SAS Software
 Objectives
Explain the basic functionality of SAS software.

13
 Basic Functionality

Access Manage

Data

Present Analyze

14 ...
...
Section 1.3
Navigating within SAS
 Objectives
Identify the basic screens available in SAS.

16
 Screens available in SAS

The five basic windows

Explorer - Contains libraries and datasets.

Editor (Enhanced/Program) - Screens where programs are written and
submitted.
Output - Displays the results of the programs submitted from the Editor screen.
Log - Summarizes the steps of the programs executed and displays error
messages if any.
Results - Indexes the various reports that are generated in a drill-down format.

17
Section 1.4
Identifying the File Types
Used in SAS
 Objectives
Identify the file types used in SAS.

19
 Types of Files Used with SAS

Raw SAS
Data Program
Files Files
SAS
DATA
Sets

20
 Raw Data Files
are nonsoftware-specific files that
contain records and fields
can be created by a variety of
software products
Raw can be read by a variety of
Data software products
Files consist of no special attributes,
such as field headings, page
breaks or titles
are not reports

21
 Raw Data Files
Operating
File Location and Name
Environment

Windows C:\workshop\winsas\basic\survey.dat

UNIX /users/edu##/survey.dat

edu###.basic.sascode(survey)
OS/390 or
edu###.basic.survey

22
 SAS Data Sets

are files specific to SAS that

contain variables and
observations
can be created only by SAS
SAS can be read only by SAS
Data
Sets consist of a descriptor portion
and a data portion
are temporary files as used
throughout this course

23
 SAS Data Sets

Data Processing SAS

Terminology Terminology

File SAS Data Set

Record Observation

Field Variable

24
 SAS Data Sets
The descriptor portion
Descriptor contains attribute
Portion information about the
data in a SAS data set.

The data portion contains

Data the data values in the
Portion form of a rectangular
table made up of
observations and
variables.

25
 SAS Data Sets
SAS data sets names:
are 1 to 32 characters in length

start with a letter (A through Z) or an underscore (_)

continue with any combination of numbers, letters, or

underscores
are not case sensitive.

26
 SAS Data Sets
Operating Environment SAS Data Set Name
Windows survey

UNIX survey

OS/390 survey

The naming convention is the same

regardless of the operating environment.

27 ...
...
 SAS Data Sets
Operating Environment SAS Data Set Name
Windows survey
Temporary
UNIX
SAS Data Sets survey

OS/390 survey

The naming convention is the same

regardless of the operating environment.

28 ...
...
 SAS Data Sets
Operating Environment SAS Data Set Name
Windows work.survey

UNIX work.survey

OS/390 work.survey

Another convention for naming a temporary SAS data set

is to precede the SAS data set name with the prefix WORK.

29
 SAS Program Files

contain SAS program code

SAS
Program can be saved and re-used.
Files

30
 SAS Program Files
Operating
File Location and Name
Environment

Windows C:\workshop\winsas\basic\survey.sas

UNIX /users/edu##/survey.sas

edu###.basic.sascode(survey)
OS/390 or
edu###.basic.survey

31
Section 1.5
Identifying the Components of
a SAS Program
 Objectives
Identify the components of a SAS program.

33
 Components of a SAS Program
A SAS program is a sequence of steps.
There are only two kinds of steps:
DATA steps
A SAS Program
PROC steps.
DATA
step(s)

PROC
step(s)

All programs will contain either one or both

34
 DATA Step(s)
Typically, DATA steps read data, such as raw data files, to
create SAS data sets.

SAS Data Set

Raw Data File
Descriptor

DATA
Step

35 ...
...
 DATA Step(s)
In addition, DATA steps can modify existing variables or
create new variables as necessary.

SAS Data Set

Raw Data File
Descriptor

DATA
Step

36 ...
...
 PROC Step(s)
PROC steps typically read SAS data sets to create
reports.

SAS Data Set

Descriptor
Report

PROC
Step

37 ...
...
 PROC Step(s)
There are many different types of PROC steps.

PROC
Step(s)

PRINT ...

MEANS FREQ

38 ...
...
 Components of a Step
A SAS program is a sequence of steps:
DATA steps

PROC steps.

A step is a sequence of one or more statements.

39
 Components of a Step
A statement usually starts with a keyword and always
ends in a semicolon (;).

KEYWORD . . . ;

40
 Components of a DATA Step
A DATA step starts with a DATA statement and ends with
a RUN statement.

Start data _______________ ;

_______________ ;
. . .
_______________ ;
End run;

41 ...
...
 Components of a PROC Step
A PROC step starts with a PROC statement and ends
with a RUN statement.

Start proc _______________ ;

_______________ ;
. . .
_______________ ;
End run;

42 ...
...
 1.6 Exercises

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

43
 Identifying File Types Used in SAS
Draw lines connecting the appropriate boxes for 1a.
Mark each statement True or False for 1b.
Name the two portions of a SAS data set for 1c.

44
 Identifying File Types Used in SAS

File
File that
thatcontains
contains
SAS Data Set SAS
SASprogram
program code
code

File that
File
contains
that contains
data specific
Raw Data File
SAS-specific
to SAS data

SAS Program File that contains

File non-software-specific
nonsoftware-specific data
data

45 ...
...
 Identifying File Types Used in SAS
False
_______ Raw data files are only created by SAS.

True
_______ SAS data sets are only created by SAS.

_______
True A SAS program file can be saved and reused.

False
_______ A raw data file contains variables
and observations.

46 ...
...
 Identifying File Types Used in SAS
True
_______ A SAS data set contains variables
and observations.

False
_______ A SAS data set name can be up to
64 characters in length.

False
_______ A SAS data set name can contain a
dollar sign ($).

False
_______ Raw data files are reports.

47 ...
...
 Identifying File Types Used in SAS
_______
False The prefix TEMP. can be added to
the beginning of a temporary SAS
data set name.

False
_______ The naming convention for a SAS
program file is the same regardless
of the operating environment.

48 ...
...
 Identifying File Types Used in SAS
Name the two portions of a SAS data set.

Descriptor Portion

Data Portion

49 ...
...
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
Circle the appropriate answer(s) for 2.a through 2.i.
Fill in the blanks for 2.j.

50
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
a. What are the two kinds of steps in a SAS program?
1) DATA
2) RUN
3) Statement
4) PROC
5) Data Set

51 ...
...
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
b. Will all SAS programs contain both a DATA step and
a PROC step ?
1) Yes
2) No

c. A DATA step typically reads what type of file?

1) Raw Data File
2) Program File
3) Report

52 ...
...
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
d. What does a DATA step typically create?
1) Raw Data File
2) Program File
3) SAS Data Set
4) Report

53 ...
...
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
e. A PROC step typically reads what type of file?
1) Raw Data File
2) Program File
3) SAS Data Set
4) Report

54 ...
...
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
f. What does a PROC step typically create?
1) Raw Data File
2) Program File
3) SAS Data Set
4) Report

55 ...
...
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
g. A step is a sequence of what?
1) Files
2) Statements
3) RUNs
4) Data Sets

56 ...
...
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
h. What does a statement usually start with?
1) A Colon
2) A Keyword
3) RUN
4) PROC

57 ...
...
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
i. What does a statement end with?
1) A Colon
2) A Period
3) A Comma
4) A Semicolon

58 ...
...
 Identifying the Components of a
SAS Program
j. DATA statement and
A DATA step starts with a ______
RUN statement.
ends with a _____
A PROC step starts with a ______
PROC statement and
ends with a _____
RUN statement.

59 ...
Chapter 2
Introducing the
Course Scenarios
Section 2.1
Introduction
 Objectives
Define the business need for the lecture scenario.
Outline the programming requirements for the lecture
scenario.
Define the business need for the exercise scenario.
Outline the programming requirements for the exercise
scenario.

62
 Course Scenarios
International Airlines is a
fictitious airline that transports
people and cargo from city to
city around the world.

63 ...
...
 Course Scenarios
The management of International Airlines has decided to
give the pilots a bonus and a salary increase.
Also, the management has decided to increase the cargo
rates and the passenger fares for all flights.

64
 Course Scenarios

The lecture portion of this

course will address the scenario
of the pilots receiving a bonus
and a salary increase.

65
 Course Scenarios
The exercise portion of
this course will address
the scenario of the
increase in cargo rates
and passenger fares for
all flights.

66
 Outline the Programming Requirements

Output
Input
Report/File

Processing

67 ...
...
Section 2.2
Defining the
Lecture Scenario
 Objectives
Define the business need for the lecture scenario.
Outline the programming requirements for the lecture
scenario.

69
 Define the Business Need
All the pilots of International Airlines will receive a bonus
and a salary increase.

Each pilots bonus will be equal to

10% of the pilots current salary.

Each pilots salary will increase as

follows:
5% if a level-one pilot
7% if a level-two pilot
9% if a level-three pilot.

70 ...
...
 Define the Business Need
The management of International Airlines needs three
reports.

Report #1 Report #2 Report #3

71
 Report #1

A listing of all the pilots

with their expected
bonuses.

72
 Partial example of the desired report:
Employee
Obs ID FirstName LastName JobCode Bonus
1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 7266
2 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 4498
3 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1 5363
4 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 5287
5 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 7612
6 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT1 6228
7 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1 7439
8 E04688 JOHN D. PERRY PILOT1 6768
9 E01702 ROBERTA J. CHADWICK PILOT1 6228
10 E02391 DONALD E TAYLOR PILOT1 4498
11 E01642 NANCY A. MCELOY PILOT2 7826
12 E04348 CAROLYN P. CARTER PILOT2 7462
13 E03875 PAUL J. GLENNON PILOT2 7462
14 E03587 YIQUN SANTIAGO PILOT2 7826
15 E03739 WILLIAM J. MCKENZIE PILOT2 7462
16 E03768 JAN STANDER PILOT2 8190

73
 Report #2

A comparison between
the average current salary
and the average new
salary for the domestic
and international pilots.

74
 An example of the desired report:
The MEANS Procedure

N
Category Obs Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum Maximum
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOM 19 Salary 19 68405.79 11439.29 44980.00 79760.00
NewSalary 19 72550.12 12562.02 47229.00 85342.20

INT 31 Salary 31 99252.55 21019.22 67340.00 125250.00

NewSalary 31 107365.26 23700.21 72052.80 136522.50
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

75
 Report #3

A breakdown of
the percentage of
domestic pilots
versus international
pilots.

76
 An example of the desired report:

The FREQ Procedure

Cumulative Cumulative
Category Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
-------------------------------------------------------------
DOM 19 38.00 19 38.00
INT 31 62.00 50 100.00

77
 Outline the Programming Requirements

Output
Input
Report/File

Processing

78 ...
...
 Output
The management of International Airlines needs three
reports.

Report #1 Report #2 Report #3

79
 Input
Partial listing of PILOT raw data file:

E01046DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660DOM

E01682VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 44980DOM
E02659CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1 53630DOM
E04042SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 52870DOM
E04732CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 76120DOM
. . . . ..
. . . . ..

80
 Input
The raw data file PILOT is available and contains the
following information:
Employee ID (starts with the letter E and contains five
numbers)
First Name

Last Name

Job Code (PILOT1, PILOT2, or PILOT3)

Salary

Category of Pilot (DOM for Domestic or INT for

International).

81
 Processing
Two new variables need to be created.

Employee First Last Job New

ID Name Name Code Salary Category Bonus Salary

PILOT raw data file Create

82 ...
...
Section 2.3
Defining the
Exercise Scenario
 Objectives
Define the business need for the exercise scenario.
Outline the programming requirements for the exercise
scenario.

84
 Define the Business Need
Cargo rates and passenger fares at International Airlines
will increase on all flights.

The cargo rates will increase 50

cents per pound on all flights.

The passenger fares will increase

as follows:
8% if a short-range flight
10% if a medium-range flight
12% if a long-range flight.

85 ...
...
 Define the Business Need
The management of International Airlines needs three
reports.

Report #1 Report #2 Report #3

86
 Report #1

A listing of all the

flights with the new
cargo rate.

87
 Partial example of the desired report:
New
Cargo
Obs Origination Destination Range Category Rate
1 FRA CPT LONG INT 5.77
2 CPT FRA LONG INT 5.77
3 RDU FRA LONG INT 4.36
4 SYD HKG LONG INT 4.65
5 SFO HND LONG INT 5.15
6 LHR JNB LONG INT 5.60
7 JNB LHR LONG INT 5.60
8 FRA RDU LONG INT 4.36
9 HND SFO LONG INT 5.15
10 HKG SYD LONG INT 4.65
11 RDU ANC MEDIUM DOM 2.65
12 SFO ANC MEDIUM DOM 2.32
13 PEK CCU MEDIUM INT 2.33
14 JRS DEL MEDIUM INT 2.76
15 FRA DXB MEDIUM INT 2.22

88
 Report #2

A comparison between
the average current
passenger fare and the
average new passenger
fare for the domestic and
international flights.

89
 An example of the desired report:
The MEANS Procedure

N
Category Obs Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum Maximum
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOM 48 PassengerFare 48 219.3333 179.4964 30.0000 682.0000
NewPassengerFare 48 239.6767 198.2444 32.4000 750.2000

INT 64 PassengerFare 64 375.5000 336.1152 40.0000 1142.0000

NewPassengerFare 64 414.0119 376.7187 42.2000 1279.0400
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

90
 Report #3

A breakdown of the
percentage of domestic
flights versus
international flights.

91
 An example of the desired report:

The FREQ Procedure

Cumulative Cumulative
Category Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
-------------------------------------------------------------
DOM 48 42.86 48 42.86
INT 64 57.14 112 100.00

92
 Outline the Programming Requirements

Output
Input
Report/File

Processing

93 ...
...
 Output
The management of International Airlines needs three
reports.

Report #1 Report #2 Report #3

94
 Input
Partial listing of RATES raw data file:

FRA CPT LONG 5.27 1142.00 INT

CPT FRA LONG 5.27 1142.00 INT
RDU FRA LONG 2.86 836.00 INT
SYD HKG LONG 4.15 898.00 INT
SFO HND LONG 4.65 1007.00 INT
. . . . . .
. . . . . .

95
 Input
The raw data file RATES is available and contains the
following information:
Origination (three-letter code)

Destination (three-letter code)

Range of Flight (SHORT, MEDIUM, or LONG)

Cargo Rate (price per pound)

Passenger Fare (price per passenger)

Category of Flight (DOM for Domestic or INT for

International).

96
 Processing
Two new variables need to be created.

New New
Origi- Desti- Cargo Passenger Cargo Passenger
Range Category
nation nation Rate Fare Rate Fare

RATES raw data file Create

97 ...
...
Chapter 3
Reading a Raw Data File with
the DATA Step
Section 3.1
Introduction
 Objectives
Plan to read a raw data file to create a SAS data set.
Code to read a raw data file to create a SAS data set.

100
 Why Create a SAS Data Set?
To create a report, the data must be in the form of a
SAS data set.

101 ...
...
 Why Use a DATA Step?

SAS Data Set

Raw Data File
Descriptor

DATA
Step

102 ...
...
Section 3.2
Planning to Read a
Raw Data File
 Objectives
Plan to read a raw data file to create a SAS data set.

104
 Requirements to Read a Raw Data File
Name the output SAS data set.
Locate and name the input raw data file.
Examine the raw data file and file layout.
Describe the fields in the raw data file.
Determine the location of fields.
Give SAS variable names to fields.
Determine the variable type (character or numeric).

105
 Name the Output SAS Data Set
SAS data sets names:
are 1 to 32 characters in length

start with a letter (A through Z) or an underscore (_)

continue with any combination of numbers, letters, or

underscores
are not case sensitive.

106
 Name the Output SAS Data Set
Valid Data Set
Invalid Data Set Names
Names
monthly_totals monthly totals

_1980_Sales_Data 1980_Sales_Data

R_and_D R&D

DollarAmount $Amount

107
 Name the Output SAS Data Set

Operating Data Set

Environment Name

Windows pilotdata

UNIX pilotdata

OS/390 pilotdata

108 ...
...
 Locate and Name the Input Raw Data File
Operating
File Location and Name
Environment

Windows C:\workshop\winsas\basic\pilot.dat

UNIX /users/edu##/pilot.dat

OS/390 edu###.basic.sascode(pilot)

109
 Examine the Raw Data File and File Layout
Partial listing of PILOT raw data file:

----5----10---15---20---25---30---35---40---45---50
E01046DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660DOM
E01682VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 44980DOM
E02659CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1 53630DOM
E04042SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 52870DOM
E04732CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 76120DOM
. . . . ..
. . . . ..
. . . . ..

110
 Examine Raw Data File and File Layout
File Layout of PILOT raw data file:

Field Name Field Location

Employee ID 1-6
First Name 7 - 19
Last Name 20 - 34
Job Code 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category 48 - 50

111
 Determine Location of Fields
Partial listing of PILOT raw data file:

----5----10---15---20---25---30---35---40---45---50
E01046DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660DOM
E01682VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 44980DOM
E02659CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1 53630DOM
E04042SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 52870DOM
E04732CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 76120DOM

Employee ID Last Name Salary

First Name Job Code Category

112 ...
...
 Determine Location of Fields
Field Start End
Field Name
Location Position Position
Employee ID 1-6 1 6
First Name 7 - 19 7 19
Last Name 20 - 34 20 34
Job Code 35 - 41 35 41
Salary 42 - 47 42 47
Category 48 - 50 48 50

113 ...
...
 Give SAS Variable Names to Fields
Based on examining the raw data file layout,
determine the fields to be included in the SAS data set

provide a meaningful SAS variable name for each field.

114
 Give SAS Variable Names to Fields
SAS variable names:
are 1 to 32 characters in length

start with a letter (A through Z) or an underscore (_)

continue with any combination of numbers, letters, or

underscores
are not case sensitive

must be unique within a SAS data set.

115
 Give SAS Variable Names to Fields
Valid Variable Invalid Variable Names
Names

social_security_number social security number

_2005_YearlyReturns 2005_YearlyReturns

day5 day#5

PercentIncrease %Increase

116
 Give SAS Variable Names to Fields

Field Name SAS Variable Name

Employee ID EmployeeID
First Name FirstName

Last Name LastName

Job Code JobCode
Salary Salary

Category Category

117 ...
...
 Determine Variable Type
Based on examining the raw data file or the file layout,
determine the variable type.
A SAS variable can be one of two types:
character

numeric.

118
 Determine Variable Type
A variable is considered to be character if it contains any
combination of the following:
letters (A - Z, a - z)

numbers (0-9)

special characters (!, @, #, %, and so on).

119
 Determine Variable Type
Examples of valid character variable values are
Ms. Helen Jones

648 Pine St.

Research & Development

$21,756

389.

120
 Determine Variable Type
A variable is considered to be numeric if it contains
numbers (0-9).

It may also contain

a decimal point (.)

a negative sign (-)

a letter E to indicate scientific notation.

121
 Determine Variable Type
Examples of valid numeric variable values are
175

4856281

-30

29.92

2.1E6.

122
 Determine Variable Type
Partial listing of PILOT raw data file:

----5----10---15---20---25---30---35---40---45---50
E01046DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660DOM
E01682VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 44980DOM
E02659CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1 53630DOM
E04042SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 52870DOM
E04732CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 76120DOM
. . . . ..
. . . . ..
. . . . ..

123
 Determine Variable Type
Field Name Field Location Variable Type

Employee ID 1 6 Character
First Name 7 - 19 Character
Last Name 20 - 34 Character
Job Code 35 - 41 Character
Salary 42 - 47 Numeric
Category 48 - 50 Character

124
Section 3.3
Coding to Read a
Raw Data File
 Objectives
Write program code to read a raw data file and create
a SAS data set.

126
 Purpose of the DATA Step
The DATA step
names the SAS data set being created

identifies the raw data file

describes the fields in the raw data file

reads a record from the raw data file

processes the record

writes the processed record to the SAS data set as a

new observation.

127
 The DATA Step

Start data _______________ ;

_______________ ;
. . .
_______________ ;
End run;

128 ...
...
 The DATA Step

data _______________ ;
infile ________ ;
input _________ ;
. . .
run;

129
 The DATA Statement
The DATA statement names the SAS data set being
created and signals the beginning of the DATA step.
General form of the DATA statement:

DATA SAS_data_set_name;

Example:

data pilotdata;

130
 The INFILE Statement
The INFILE statement names the raw data file to be read.
General form of the INFILE statement:

INFILE 'input-raw-data-file';

131
 The INFILE Statement
Example:

Operating
INFILE Statement
Environment
Windows infile 'C:\workshop\winsas\basic\pilot.dat';
UNIX infile '/users/edu##/pilot.dat';
OS/390 infile 'edu###.basic.sascode(pilot)';

132
 The INPUT Statement
The INPUT statement describes the fields in each raw
data record to SAS.
Each variable defined in the INPUT statement
provides a name to represent the field

indicates a type of character or numeric

indicates the starting and ending position.

133
 The INPUT Statement
General form of the INPUT statement:

INPUT variable $ start - end . . . ;

variable is a valid SAS variable name.

$ indicates a character variable.
start identifies the starting position.
end identifies the ending position.

134
 The INPUT Statement
Example:
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;

135
 The INPUT Statement
This way of describing the input raw data record to SAS is
called column input because it defines the starting and
ending positions of each field.
This implies that each field in a raw data record is in the
same position in every record of the file.

136
 The RUN Statement
The RUN statement signals the end of a step.

General form of the RUN statement:

RUN;

137
 The DATA Step
General form for the complete DATA step:

DATA SAS_data_set_name;
INFILE 'input-raw-data-file';
INPUT variable $ start - end . . .;
RUN;

138
 The DATA Step - Windows
Based on the International Airlines lecture scenario, the
code for the complete DATA step is
data pilotdata;
infile 'c:\workshop\winsas\basic\pilot.dat';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
run;

139
 3.4 Exercises

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

140
 Planning to Read a Raw Data File
Based on the Exercise Scenario, plan to read the raw
data file. Refer to the Exercise Scenario Handout for
details on the raw data file.
Name the output SAS data set.

Locate and name the input raw data file.

Give SAS variable names to fields.

Determine location of fields.

Determine variable type (character or numeric).

141
 Planning to Read a Raw Data File
Name the output SAS data set.

Windows ratedata

UNIX ratedata

OS/390 ratedata

142 ...
...
 Planning to Read a Raw Data File
Name the input raw data file, including the full path name
based on your operating environment.

Windows C:\workshop\winsas\basic\rates.dat

UNIX /users/edu##/rates.dat

OS/390 edu###.basic.sascode(rates)

143 ...
...
 Planning to Read a Raw Data File

Field Name Variable Name

Origination Origination
Destination Destination
Flight Range Range

Cargo Rate CargoRate

Passenger Fare PassengerFare
Flight Category Category

144 ...
...
 Planning to Read a Raw Data File

Field Name Start Position End Position

Origination 1 3
Destination 6 8
Flight Range 12 17
Cargo Rate 20 23
Passenger Fare 28 34
Flight Category 38 40

145 ...
...
 Planning to Read a Raw Data File

Field Name Variable Type

Origination Character
Destination Character
Flight Range Character

Cargo Rate Numeric

Passenger Fare Numeric
Flight Category Character

146 ...
...
 Coding to Read a Raw Data File
Draw lines connecting the appropriate boxes.
Based on your previous Planning to Read a Raw Data
File exercise,
Write the DATA statement.

Write the INFILE statement.

Write the INPUT statement.

Write the RUN statement.

147
 Coding to Read a Raw Data File

INFILE Signals end of the

1st
1st Statement
Statement
DATA step.

2nd Statement RUN Names raw data file

to be read.
Describes fields in
3rd Statement DATA
each record.

Names data set

4th Statement INPUT
being created.

148 ...
...
 Coding to Read a Raw Data File
Windows Solution:
data ratedata;
infile 'c:\workshop\winsas\basic\rates.dat';
input Origination $ 1 - 3
Destination $ 6 - 8
Range $ 12 - 17
CargoRate 20 - 23
PassengerFare 28 - 34
Category $ 38 - 40;
run;

149
Chapter 4
Navigating the SAS
Windowing Environment
Section 4.1
Introduction
 Objectives
Enter SAS program code in the SAS windowing
environment and execute the program.
Modify SAS program code and execute the program.
Save and retrieve a SAS program.

152
Section 4.2
Entering and Executing SAS
Code
 Objectives
Enter SAS program code in the SAS windowing
environment and execute the program.

154
 Enter the SAS Program Code
After the planning and
coding effort for a SAS
program is complete, the
SAS program code must
be entered into the
computer to process and
to test the program.

155
 Program Execution Mode
SAS programs can be processed in one of two modes:
windowing

batch.

156
 Windowing Mode
Windowing mode is a facility that enables you
to enter and execute SAS programs and view
the results in an interactive environment.
An interactive environment permits the program to be
processed immediately when submitted for execution.

157
 Batch Mode
Batch mode is used to run SAS programs in the
background by submitting them to the operating system
for batch execution.
Batch execution enables the program to be processed
when the computer has resources available, not
necessarily at the moment when submitted for execution.

158
 The SAS Windowing Environment
SAS software provides the SAS
windowing environment, an
interactive environment that
enables the entry and execution
of SAS program code.

159
 The SAS Windowing Environment

The SAS windowing environment is made

up of a collection of windows.
There are three primary windows in the
windowing environment.

3 2 1

160 ...
...
 The Program Editor Window

The Program Editor window enables SAS

program code to be
entered from the keyboard
submitted for execution.

161 ...
...
 The Log Window

The Log window displays

the SAS program code submitted for
execution
messages from SAS indicating the
status of the program execution.

162 ...
...
 The Output Window

The Output window displays reports

generated by the SAS program.

163 ...
...
 Commands

Commands are used to navigate

among the various windows of the
SAS windowing environment and
are used to execute a program.

Depending upon the operating

environment, commands can be
issued by...

continued...
164 ...
...
 Selecting from pull-down menus

Typing the command Clicking on a tool button

Using function keys (F1 - F12)

165 ...
...
Section 4.3
Editing SAS Code
 Objectives
Modify SAS program code and execute the program.

167
 Editing SAS Code
After the SAS program code is entered into the Program
Editor window and executed, there might be a need to
modify, or edit, the code because of
program errors

program specification changes

the need to add additional code.

168
 Program Errors
A program might not run successfully, or at all, due to
several different kinds of errors:
typographical errors

syntax errors

logical errors.

169
 Program Specification Changes
The purpose or function of a program may change due to
insufficient analysis

project evolution

user changes.

170
 The Need to Add Additional Code
A program can be written in stages. Programmers often
test their code in stages. They know that they will add
statements or steps to the program after each stage
works correctly.

171
 Debugging and Editing SAS Code
Debugging and editing program code is an iterative
process.

Code
Modification

Results Program
Verification Testing

172 ...
...
Section 4.4
Saving and Retrieving
SAS Code
 Objectives
Save and retrieve a SAS program.

174
 Saving and Retrieving SAS Code
After a program is entered, tested, and the results
verified, the program code can be
saved for future use

retrieved at a later time.

175
 Saving SAS Program Code
Program code is saved in program files because it can be
rerun later without being re-entered

copied to be modified into a new program

shared with other people

printed for documentation.

176
 Retrieving SAS Program Code
Program code that has been saved in a program file can
be retrieved into the Program Editor where it can be
rerun

modified.

177
 Saving SAS Program Code

Program File

Stored
SAS
Program
Code

178 ...
...
 Retrieving SAS Program Code

Program File

Stored
SAS
Program
Code

179 ...
...
Section 4.5
Additional Topics
(Optional)
 Objectives
Copy, move, delete, and insert text.
Clear the contents of a window.
Navigate windows.
Correct unbalanced quotation marks.

181
 4.6 Exercises

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

182
 Editing SAS Code
Enter the DATA step code from your previous Coding
to Read a Raw Data File exercise into the Program
Editor window.
Execute the program and review the log.
Recall the DATA step code.
Add a dollar sign, $, to the beginning of the variable
name CargoRate.
Execute the program and review the log.
Recall the DATA step code and correct the error.

183
 Saving and Retrieving SAS Code
Recall the DATA step code from your previous
exercise into the Program Editor window.
Save the code to a program file called ch5ex2.
Clear the contents of the Program Editor window.
Retrieve your program called ch5ex2.

184
Chapter 5
Permanent SAS Data Sets
Section 5.1
Creating a Permanent
SAS Data Set
 Objectives
Create a permanent SAS data set.

187
 Why Create a Permanent SAS Data Set?

Permanent data sets are

created in order to have a
SAS data set that exists after
ending the SAS session.

188 ...
...
 Creating a Temporary SAS Data Set
What is the name of the
data pilotdata; SAS data set being created?
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
run;

189 ...
...
 Creating a Temporary SAS Data Set
pilotdata
data pilotdata; (a temporary SAS data set)
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
run;

190
 Creating a Temporary SAS Data Set
If a SAS data set is temporary, the data set can be
referenced with a one-level name.

Example: pilotdata

Actually, all SAS data sets have a two-level name.

Example: work.pilotdata

Data Library Data Set

Reference Name

191 ...
...
 SAS Data Libraries
A SAS data library can be thought of as a drawer in a
filing cabinet and a SAS data set as one of the file folders
in the drawer.
FILES

LIBRARIES

192 ...
...
 SAS Data Libraries
Each SAS data library is identified by assigning a libref.

LIBREF

193 ...
...
 SAS Data Libraries
When SAS is invoked, automatically there is access to a
temporary and a permanent SAS data library.

WORK

SASUSER

WORK - temporary
library
SASUSER - permanent
library

194 ...
...
 SAS Data Libraries
Additional permanent libraries can also be created.

WORK

SASUSER

IA - permanent
library
IA

195 ...
...
 SAS Data Libraries
A SAS data library is organized differently in each
operating environment.

SAS Data Library

Operating Environment
Organized As

Windows directory

UNIX directory

specially formatted operating

OS/390
system file

196
 The LIBNAME Statement
The LIBNAME statement can be used to create additional
SAS data libraries.
General form of the LIBNAME statement:

LIBNAME libref 'SAS-data-library' ;

Name of Location
SAS data of SAS
library data set(s)

197 ...
...
 The LIBNAME Statement
Windows Example:
libname ia 'c:\workshop\winsas\basic';

UNIX Example:
libname ia '/users/edu01';

OS/390 Example:

libname ia 'edu001.basic.sasdata';

198
 Creating a Permanent SAS Data Set

What is the name of the

data ia.pilotdata; SAS data set being created?
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
run;

199 ...
...
 Creating a Permanent SAS Data Set
ia.pilotdata
(a permanent SAS data set)
data ia.pilotdata;
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
run;

200
 5.2 Exercises

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

201
 Creating a Permanent SAS Data Set
Modify the program named CH10EX to create a
permanent SAS data set.
Also, add a PROC PRINT step to create a list report of
the permanent SAS data set.

202
Chapter 6
Creating a List Report
with a PROC Step
Section 6.1
Introduction
 Objectives
Plan to create a list report based on a
SAS data set.
Code to create a list report based on a
SAS data set.

205
 Why Create a List Report?

List reports are created

to view the data in a
SAS data set.

206 ...
...
 Definition of a List Report
A list report
shows the data in a SAS data set

displays one line for each observation in the

SAS data set
displays all variables or only those specified.

207
 Example of a List Report
Employee
Obs ID FirstName LastName JobCode

1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1

2 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1
3 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1
4 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1
5 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1
6 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT1
7 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1
8 E04688 JOHN D. PERRY PILOT1

208
 Why Use a PROC Step?

SAS Data Set

Descriptor
Report

PROC
Step

209 ...
...
Section 6.2
Planning to Create
a List Report
 Objectives
Plan to create a list report based on a
SAS data set.

211
 Partial List Output
Employee Job
Obs ID FirstName LastName Code

1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1

2 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1
3 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1
4 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1
5 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1
6 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT1
7 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1

212
 Requirements to Create a List Report
To create a list report,
1. name the SAS data set to be viewed
2. determine the variables to be displayed
2. specify the desired order of the variables.

213
 DATA Step
data pilotdata;
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
run;

214
 Name the SAS Data Set to be Viewed
Operating
SAS Data Set Name
Environment

Windows pilotdata

UNIX pilotdata

OS/390 pilotdata

215
 Determine the Variables to be Displayed
SAS Variable Name

EmployeeID

FirstName

LastName

JobCode

Salary

Category

216 ...
...
 Specify the Desired Order of the Variables

EmployeeID FirstName LastName JobCode

217 ...
...
Section 6.3
Coding to Create
a List Report
 Objectives
Code to create a list report based on a
SAS data set.

219
 Choosing the PROC PRINT Step

PROC
Step(s)

PRINT ...

MEANS FREQ

220
 The PROC PRINT Step

Start proc print _________ ;

_______________ ;
. . .
_______________ ;
End run;

221 ...
...
 The PROC PRINT Step
The PROC PRINT statement names the SAS data set
being displayed in the list report.
General form of the PROC PRINT statement:

PROC PRINT DATA = SAS_data_set_name;

The RUN statement signals the end of the step.

General form of the RUN statement:

RUN;

222
 The PROC PRINT Step
Based on the International Airlines lecture scenario, the
code for the complete PROC PRINT step is
proc print data = pilotdata;
run;

223
 The VAR Statement
The VAR statement can be added to the
PROC PRINT step.
The PROC PRINT step then consists of the following
statements:
the PROC PRINT statement

the VAR statement

the RUN statement.

224
 The VAR Statement
The VAR statement names the variables to be displayed
and specifies the desired order of the variables.
General form of the VAR statement:

VAR variable . . . ;

Example:

var EmployeeID FirstName LastName JobCode;

225
 The VAR Statement
Based on Employee data, the code for the complete
PROC PRINT step is

proc print data=pilotdata;

var JobCode EmployeeID Salary;
run;

226
 Printing Selected Variables
ia.empdata
EmpID LastName FirstName JobCode Salary
0031 GOLDENBERG DESIREE PILOT 50221.62
0040 WILLIAMS ARLENE M. FLTAT 23666.12
0071 PERRY ROBERT A. FLTAT 21957.71 PROC Step

Select and order proc print data=pilotdata;

variables to print var JobCode EmployeeID Salary;
run;
The SAS System

Job Emp
Obs Code ID Salary

1 PILOT 0031 50221.62

2 FLTAT 0040 23666.12
3 FLTAT 0071 21957.71

227 c04s1d2
 Suppressing the Obs Column
The NOOBS option suppresses the row numbers on the
left side of the report.

General form of the NOOBS option:

PROC PRINT DATA=SAS-data-set NOOBS;

RUN;

228
 Suppressing the Obs Column
ia.empdata
EmpID LastName FirstName JobCode Salary
0031 GOLDENBERG DESIREE PILOT 50221.62
0040 WILLIAMS ARLENE M. FLTAT 23666.12
0071 PERRY ROBERT A. FLTAT 21957.71 PROC Step

Suppress the proc print data=pilotdata noobs;

Obs column var JobCode EmployeeID Salary;
run;
The SAS System

Job Emp
Code ID Salary

PILOT 0031 50221.62

FLTAT 0040 23666.12
FLTAT 0071 21957.71

229 c04s1d3
 Double-spacing the output
The DOUBLE option doubles the spacing between the
rows.

General form of the DOUBLE option:

PROC PRINT DATA=SAS-data-set DOUBLE;

RUN;

230
 Double-spacing the output
ia.empdata
EmpID LastName FirstName JobCode Salary
0031 GOLDENBERG DESIREE PILOT 50221.62
0040 WILLIAMS ARLENE M. FLTAT 23666.12
0071 PERRY ROBERT A. FLTAT 21957.71 PROC Step

Increase proc print data=pilotdata noobs double;

spacing var JobCode EmployeeID Salary;
run;
The SAS System

Job Emp
Code ID Salary

PILOT 0031 50221.62

FLTAT 0040 23666.12

FLTAT 0071 21957.71

231 c04s1d3
 The ID Statement
The ID statement replaces the Obs column on the left with
any other variable to be displayed for row identification.

General form of the ID statement:

ID variable . . . ;

Example:
id EmployeeID;

232
 The ID Statement
Based on Employee data, the code for the complete
PROC PRINT step is

proc print data=pilotdata;

id EmployeeID;
var JobCode Salary;
run;

233
Section 6.4
Displaying Selected
Observations in a Report
 Objectives
Display selected observations in a report.

235
 Why Display Selected Observations?

Displaying selected observations

creates a list report that contains
only the observations that meet a
specified condition.

236 ...
...
 Displaying Selected Observations
Scenarios:
A list report that contains only the employees who
make less than 70000
A list report of only the employees who have a job
code of PILOT2
A list report of the employees who have a job code of
PILOT2 and who make less than 70000.

237
 Example of a List Report
Obs FirstName LastName JobCode Salary

1 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

2 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 44980
3 The PRINT
CLIFTON G. procedure, by
WILDER default,
PILOT1 53630
4 displays all
SAMUEL the observations
BENNETT PILOT1 in 52870
5 CHRISTIAN aEDMINSTON
SAS data set.PILOT1 76120
6 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT1 62280
7 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1 74390
8 JOHN D. PERRY PILOT1 67680

238 ...
...
 The WHERE Statement
The WHERE statement restricts observations shown in
the report, based on specific variable values.

General form of the WHERE statement:

WHERE where-expression;

239
 The WHERE Statement
The where-expression is a valid arithmetic or logical
expression that generally consists of a sequence of
operands and operators.
Operands include constants and values of variables
obtained from the SAS data set.
Operators are used in the expression to request a
comparison, arithmetic calculation, or logical operation.

240
 Comparison Operators

EQ = equal to
NE ^= not equal to
GT > greater than
LT < less than
GE >= greater than or equal to
LE <= less than or equal to
IN equal to one of a list

241
 Comparison Operators
Examples:

where Salary ge 50000;

where LastName='Smith';

Character values must be enclosed in

quotes and match the case of the data.

242 ...
...
 Arithmetic Operators

* multiplication
/ division
+ addition
- subtraction
** exponentiation

243
 Logical Operators
If both expressions are true,
AND & then the compound
expression is true.
If either expression is true,
OR | then the compound
expression is true.
This operator can be
combined with other operators
NOT ~
to reverse the logic of a
comparison.

244
 Logical Operators
Examples:

where LastName='Smith' and

Salary ge 50000;

where LastName not = 'Smith' and

Salary not ge 50000;

245
 Logical Operators
Examples:

where LastName='Smith' or Must type

LastName='Brown' or variable name
LastName='Jones'; three times.

Type variable
where LastName in name only
('Smith', 'Brown', 'Jones'); one time.

246 ...
...
 The WHERE Statement
Based on the scenarios, the code for the needed WHERE
statements is

where Salary lt 70000;

Each WHERE
where JobCode='PILOT2'; statement
belongs in
where JobCode='PILOT2' and a separate
Salary lt 70000; PROC step.

247 ...
...
 Subsetting Data: WHERE Statement
Produce a listing report that displays information for pilots
only.

The WHERE statement

enables you to select observations that meet a
certain condition
can be used with most SAS procedures.

248
 Subsetting Data: WHERE Statement
General form of the WHERE statement:

WHERE where-expression;

where-expression is a sequence of operands and

operators.

Operands include
variables

constants.

249
 Subsetting Data: WHERE Statement
Operators include
comparison operators

logical operators

special operators

functions.

250
 Comparison Operators
Mnemonic Symbol Definition
EQ = equal to
NE ^= not equal to
=
~=
GT > greater than
LT < less than
GE >= greater than or equal to
LE <= less than or equal to
IN equal to one of a list

251
 Comparison Operators
Examples:

where Salary>25000;
where EmpID='0082';
where Salary=.;
where LastName=' ';
where JobCode in('PILOT','FLTAT');
where JobCode in('PILOT' 'FLTAT');
Character comparisons are case-sensitive.
The IN operator allows commas or blanks to separate
values.
252
 Logical Operators
Logical operators include
AND if both expressions are true, then the
& compound expression is true
where JobCode='FLTAT' and Salary>50000;

OR if either expression is true, then the

| compound expression is true
where JobCode='PILOT' or JobCode='FLTAT';

NOT can be combined with other operators

^ to reverse the logic of a comparison.
where JobCode not in('PILOT','FLTAT');

253
 Special Operators
Special operators include

BETWEEN-AND selects observations in which the

value of the variable falls within a
range of values, inclusively.

where Salary between 50000 and 70000;

CONTAINS selects observations that include

? the specified substring.
where LastName ? 'LAM';

(LAMBERT, BELLAMY, and ELAM are selected.)

254
 Printing Selected Observations
Use the WHERE statement to control which observations
are processed.
EmpID LastName FirstName JobCode Salary
0031 GOLDENBERG DESIREE PILOT1 50221.62 ia.empdata
0040 WILLIAMS ARLENE M. FLTAT 23666.12
0071 PERRY ROBERT A. FLTAT 21957.71
PROC Step
Select proc print data=pilotdata noobs;
var JobCode EmployeeID Salary;
rows to where JobCode='PILOT1';
print run;
The SAS System

Job Emp
Code ID Salary

PILOT1 0031 50221.62

PILOT1 0082 96387.39
PILOT1 0355 59803.16
255 PILOT1 0366 120202.38
c04s1d4
 Requesting Column Totals
The SUM statement produces column totals.

General form of the SUM statement:

SUM variable(s);

256
 Requesting Column and sub-totals
The BY statement produces column sub-totals.

General form of the BY statement:

BY variable(s);

Requesting sub-totals on different pages

The PAGEBY statement produces sub-totals separate
pages.

PAGEBY BY-variable(s);

257
 Requesting Column Totals
EmpID LastName FirstName JobCode Salary
0031 GOLDENBERG DESIREE PILOT1 50221.62 ia.empdata
0040 WILLIAMS ARLENE M. FLTAT 23666.12
0071 PERRY ROBERT A. FLTAT 21957.71
PROC Step
Produce proc print data=pilotdata noobs;
var JobCode EmployeeID Salary;
column sum Salary;
totals run;
The SAS System

Job Emp
Code ID Salary

PILOT1 0031 50221.62

FLTAT 0040 23666.12
FLTAT 0071 21957.71
.
.
=========
258 428677.92 c04s1d5
Section 6.5
Enhancing a List Report
 Objectives
Add titles and footnotes to a list report.
Display descriptive labels for variables in a
list report.
Format the values of a variable in a list report.

260
 Program Code to Create a List Report

proc print data=pilotdata;

var EmployeeID FirstName LastName Salary;
run;

261
 List Report

The SAS System Add Titles

Employee
Obs ID FirstName LastName Salary

1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN 72660

2 E01682 Display
VICTORDescriptive Labels
TAILOR 44980
3 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER 53630
4 E04042 Format the
SAMUEL Values
BENNETT 52870
5 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON 76120

Add Footnotes

262 ...
...
 Enhanced List Report
International Airlines
Employee Information

ID First Last Annual

Obs Number Name Name Salary

1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN $72,660

2 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR $44,980
3 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER $53,630
4 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT $52,870
5 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON $76,120

Created by the Human Resource Department

Confidential

263
 Enhanced List Report
To enhance a list report, the following statements can be
added to the PROC PRINT step:
TITLE statement(s)
FOOTNOTE statement(s)
LABEL statement
FORMAT statement.

264
 The TITLE Statement(s)
The TITLE statement specifies a title line to be printed on
each page of SAS output.

General form of the TITLE statement:

TITLEn text ;

265
 The TITLE Statement(s)
Titles appear at the top of the page.
The default title is The SAS System.
The value of n can be from 1 to 10.
An unnumbered TITLE is equivalent to TITLE1.
After a title is specified, it is used for all subsequent
output until the title is changed, cancelled, or the SAS
session is ended.
The null TITLE statement, title;, cancels all titles.

266
 The TITLE Statement(s)
To change a title, a TITLE statement for a given line
cancels the previous TITLE statement for that line and for
all title lines with higher numbers.
The following statement suppresses a title on line n and
all lines after it:

TITLEn;

267
 The TITLE Statement(s)
proc print data=pilotdata; Four titles will appear
title1 'The First Line'; on this output. Lines 1,
title2 'The Second Line'; 2, and 4 will have a
title4 'The Fourth Line'; value and line 3 will be
run; blank.

proc print data=pilotdata; This output will have

run; the same titles as the
previous output.
proc print data=pilotdata;
title2 'A New Second Line'; Two titles will appear on
run; this output. Line 1 will
be the same as the
previous output.

268 ...
...
 The TITLE Statement(s)
Based on the scenario, the code for the
PROC PRINT step is

proc print data=pilotdata;

var EmployeeID FirstName
LastName Salary;
title1 'International Airlines';
title2 'Employee Information';
run;

269
 The FOOTNOTE Statement(s)
The FOOTNOTE statement specifies a line of text to be
printed on the bottom of each page of SAS output.

General form of the FOOTNOTE statement:

FOOTNOTEn 'text';

270
 The FOOTNOTE Statement(s)
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page.
There is no default footnote.
The value of n can be from 1 to 10.
An unnumbered FOOTNOTE is equivalent to
FOOTNOTE1.
After a footnote is specified, it is used for all
subsequent output until the footnote is changed,
cancelled, or the SAS session is ended.
The null FOOTNOTE statement, footnote;, cancels
all footnotes.

271
 The FOOTNOTE Statement(s)
To change a footnote, a FOOTNOTE statement for a
given line cancels the previous FOOTNOTE statement for
that line and for all footnote lines with higher numbers.
The following statement suppresses a footnote on line n
and all lines after it:

FOOTNOTEn;

272
 The FOOTNOTE Statement(s)
Based on the scenario, the code for the PROC PRINT
step is

proc print data=pilotdata;

var EmployeeID FirstName
LastName Salary;
footnote1 'Created by the Human
Resource Department';
footnote2 'Confidential';
run;

273
 Changing Titles and Footnotes
TITLEn or FOOTNOTEn
replaces a previous title or footnote with the same
number
cancels all titles or footnotes with higher numbers.

274
 Defining Titles and Footnotes
PROC PRINT Code Resultant Title(s)
proc print data=work.march;
title1 'The First Line';
title2 'The Second Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title2 'The Next Line';
run;

proc print data=work.march;

title 'The Top Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title3 'The Third Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title;
run;

275
 Defining Titles and Footnotes
PROC PRINT Code Resultant Title(s)
proc print data=work.march; The First Line
title1 'The First Line'; The Second Line
title2 'The Second Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title2 'The Next Line';
run;

proc print data=work.march;

title 'The Top Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title3 'The Third Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title;
run;

276 ...
 Defining Titles and Footnotes
PROC PRINT Code Resultant Title(s)
proc print data=work.march; The First Line
title1 'The First Line'; The Second Line
title2 'The Second Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march; The First Line
title2 'The Next Line'; The Next Line
run;

proc print data=work.march;

title 'The Top Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title3 'The Third Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title;
run;

277 ...
 Defining Titles and Footnotes
PROC PRINT Code Resultant Title(s)
proc print data=work.march; The First Line
title1 'The First Line'; The Second Line
title2 'The Second Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march; The First Line
title2 'The Next Line'; The Next Line
run;

proc print data=work.march; The Top Line

title 'The Top Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title3 'The Third Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march;
title;
run;

278 ...
 Defining Titles and Footnotes
PROC PRINT Code Resultant Title(s)
proc print data=work.march; The First Line
title1 'The First Line'; The Second Line
title2 'The Second Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march; The First Line
title2 'The Next Line'; The Next Line
run;

proc print data=work.march; The Top Line

title 'The Top Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march; The Top Line
title3 'The Third Line';
run; The Third Line
proc print data=work.march;
title;
run;

279 ...
 Defining Titles and Footnotes
PROC PRINT Code Resultant Title(s)
proc print data=work.march; The First Line
title1 'The First Line'; The Second Line
title2 'The Second Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march; The First Line
title2 'The Next Line'; The Next Line
run;

proc print data=work.march; The Top Line

title 'The Top Line';
run;
proc print data=work.march; The Top Line
title3 'The Third Line';
run; The Third Line
proc print data=work.march;
title;
run;

280 ...
 The LABEL Statement
The LABEL statement associates descriptive labels with
variables.
Any number of variables can be associated with labels in
a single LABEL statement.

General form of the LABEL statement:

LABEL variable='label '

variable='label ';

281
 The LABEL Statement
In addition to the LABEL statement, the LABEL option
must be present on the PROC PRINT statement.
General form of the PROC PRINT statement with the
LABEL option:

PROC PRINT DATA=SAS_data_set_name LABEL;

282
 The LABEL Statement
Based on the scenario, the code for the PROC PRINT
step is
LABEL Option

proc print data=pilotdata label;

var EmployeeID FirstName
LastName Salary;
label EmployeeID='ID Number'
LABEL FirstName='First Name'
Statement LastName='Last Name'
Salary='Annual Salary';
run;

283 ...
...
 The LABEL Statement
When you use the LABEL option, PROC PRINT splits
labels if necessary in order to conserve space.
To control where the splits occur, the SPLIT= option can
be used instead of the LABEL option.

General form of the PROC PRINT statement with the

SPLIT= option:

PROC PRINT DATA=SAS_data_set_name

SPLIT='split-character';

284
 The LABEL Statement
Based on the scenario, the code for the PROC PRINT
step is

proc print data=pilotdata split='*';

var EmployeeID FirstName
LastName Salary;
label EmployeeID='ID*Number'
FirstName='First*Name'
LastName='Last*Name'
Salary='Annual*Salary';
run;

285
 The LABEL Statement
proc print data=pilotdata split='*';
label EmployeeID='ID*Number' Labels will
FirstName='First*Name' appear on
LastName='Last*Name' this output.
Salary='Annual*Salary';
run;

proc print data=pilotdata; No labels will

run; appear on this
output.

Labels associated with variables in a

PROC step remain in effect only for that step.

286 ...
...
 The FORMAT Statement
The FORMAT statement associates formats with
variables.
A single FORMAT statement can associate the same
format with several variables or different formats with
different variables.

General form of the FORMAT statement:

FORMAT variable(s) format(s);

287
 The FORMAT Statement

Salary Salary
(as stored in (as needed in
data set) report)
72660 $72,660

Use a SAS format that adds a

dollar sign and commas to a numeric value.

288 ...
...
 The FORMAT Statement
Selected formats for numeric values:
w.d is standard numeric format.
COMMAw.d adds commas to a numeric value.
DOLLARw.d adds a dollar sign and commas
to a numeric value.

w= specifies the width, in columns, of the field

containing the numeric value.
d = specifies the number of digits to the right of
the decimal point (optional).

289
 The FORMAT Statement

Salary Salary
(as stored in (as needed in
data set) report)
72660 $72,660

What numeric format is needed?

290 ...
...
 The FORMAT Statement

Salary Salary
(as stored in (as needed in
data set) report)
72660 $72,660

DOLLARw.d

7 0
291 ...
...
 The FORMAT Statement

Salary Salary
(as stored in (as needed in
data set) report)
72660 $72,660

DOLLAR7.0

292
 The FORMAT Statement
Based on the scenario, the code for the PROC PRINT
step is

proc print data=pilotdata;

var EmployeeID FirstName
LastName Salary;
format Salary dollar7.0;
run;

293
 The FORMAT Statement
proc print data=pilotdata; Salary will
format Salary dollar7.;
be formatted for
run; this output.
proc print data=pilotdata; Salary will
run; not be formatted
for this output.

Formats associated with variables in a

PROC step remain in effect only for that step.

294 ...
...
 6.5 Exercises

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

295
 Planning to Create a List Report
Based on your program called ch5ex2 or the program
called ch6ex, plan to create a list report.
The desired list report is Report #1 of the Exercise
Scenario, except do not include the
NewCargoRate variable.

296
 Planning to Create a List Report
Name the SAS data set to be viewed.
ratedata

Name the variables to be displayed.

Origination
Destination
Range
Category

297 ...
...
 Planning to Create a List Report
Specify the desired order of the variables.
1st variable: Origination
2nd variable: Destination
3rd variable: Range
4th variable: Category

298 ...
...
 Coding to Create a List Report
Draw lines connecting the appropriate boxes.
Based on your previous Planning to Create a List
Report exercise:
write the PROC PRINT statement
write the VAR statement
write the RUN statement.
Retrieve your program named ch5ex2 or the program
called ch6ex.
Add the PROC PRINT step to the bottom of the
program.
Save the code to a program file named ch6ex2.

299
 Coding to Create a List Report

Signals
Signals end
end of
of
1st
1st Statement
Statement VAR
PROC
PROC step
step

Names SAS data

2nd
2nd Statement RUN set to display in
report

Names variables to
3rd
3rd Statement PROC
be displayed

300 ...
 Enhancing a Report
Based on the program named CH10EX, code to create a
list report.
The following is a partial example of the list report that
needs to be created.
International Airlines
Flight Information

Flight Flight Cargo Passenger

Obs Start Stop Rate Fare

1 FRA CPT $5.27 $1,142.00

2 CPT FRA $5.27 $1,142.00
3 RDU FRA $2.86 $836.00
4 SYD HKG $4.15 $898.00
. . . . .

Created for the Management Staff

301
 Displaying Selected Observations
Based on the program named CH10EX, code to create
three list reports.
The three list reports should include the data representing
origination, destination, cargo rate, and passenger fare.
The first report should only show the flights leaving from
RDU.
The second report should show only the flights with
passenger fares greater than 500.
The third report should show only the flights leaving from
RDU with passenger fares greater than 500.

302
Chapter 7
Creating a Variable with the
DATA Step
Section 7.1
Introduction
 Objectives
Plan to create a variable in a SAS data set.
Code to create a variable in a SAS data set.

305
 Why Create a Variable?
Variables are created
to make available
information not
currently contained
in a SAS data set.

306 ...
...
 Why Create a Variable?

Employee
Obs ID FirstName LastName JobCode

1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1

2 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1
3 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1
4 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1
5 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1
6 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT1
7 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1

307
 Why Create a Variable?

Employee
Obs ID FirstName LastName JobCode Bonus

1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 7266

2 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 4498
3 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1 5363
4 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 5287
5 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 7612
6 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT1 6228
7 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1 7439

308
 Why Use a DATA Step?

SAS Data Set

Raw Data File
Descriptor

DATA
Step

309 ...
...
Section 7.2
Planning to Create
a Variable
 Objectives
Plan to create a variable in a SAS data set.

311
 Partial List Report
Employee
Obs ID FirstName LastName JobCode Bonus

1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1 7266

2 E01682 VICTOR TAILOR PILOT1 4498
3 E02659 CLIFTON G. WILDER PILOT1 5363
4 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1 5287
5 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1 7612
6 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT1 6228
7 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1 7439

312
 Requirements to Create a Variable
1. Specify the DATA step that defines the SAS data set.
2. Define the variable.

313
 Specify the DATA Step that Defines the SAS
Data Set
data pilotdata;
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
run;

314
 Define the Variable
To define a variable,
1. name the new variable
2. determine the expression.

315
 Define the Variable

EVALUATE

new_variable_name = expression

value value

ASSIGN

316 ...
...
 Name the New Variable
Because the variable being created represents a bonus of
10% of each pilots current salary, a reasonable variable
name is
Bonus

317 ...
...
 Determine the Expression
The expression can be any valid combination of
constants

variables

operators

parentheses.

318
 Constants
Constants can be of two types:
numeric

character.

319
 Numeric Constants
A numeric constant is a valid numerical value.
4922

-728

2.1415926

-0.56

1.86E05

320
 Numeric Constants - Examples

MonthlyAmount = 4922

rev_difference = -728

pi = 3.1415926

PercentChange = -0.56

speed_of_light = 1.86E05

321
 Character Constants
A character constant is a string of text enclosed in
matching quotes.
Wednesday

123 Main Street

INSTRUCTOR

% of revenue

7251

322
 Character Constants - Examples
DayOfWeek = Wednesday

address = 123 Main Street

employee_title = INSTRUCTOR

column_definition = % of revenue

EmployeeNumber = 7251

323
 Variables
A variable referenced in an expression uses the value of
that variable.
SocialSecurityNumber
_2005_YearlyReturns
day5
PercentIncrease
last_name

324
 Variables - Examples
ssn = social_security_number

last_tax_data = _2005_YearlyReturns

DailyRevenue = day5

pct_inc = PercentIncrease

LastName = last_name

325
 Operators and Parentheses
Symbol Definition

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

** Exponentiation

( ) Grouping

326
 Operators and Parentheses
An expression can include operators and parentheses,
along with numeric constants and variables.
price * quantity
GrossPay - tax
x**2
(jan_amt + feb_amt + mar_amt) / 3
CurrentRate + 10.27

327
 Operators and Parentheses - Examples

TotalSales = price * quantity

net_pay = gross_pay - tax

squared = x**2

avg = (jan_amt + feb_amt + mar_amt) / 3

NewRate = CurrentRate + 10.27

328
 Determine the Expression
The expression that represents a 10% bonus for the
pilots is
Salary * 0.10

329 ...
...
 Define the Variable

Bonus = Salary * 0.10

330 ...
...
Section 7.3
Coding to Create
a Variable
 Objectives
Code to create a variable in a SAS data set.

332
 The DATA Step
As a starting point for this section, the DATA step consists
of the following statements:
the DATA statement

the INFILE statement

the INPUT statement

the RUN statement.

333
 The DATA Step
An assignment statement can be added to the DATA step.
The DATA step then consists of the following statements:
the DATA statement

the INFILE statement

the INPUT statement

the assignment statement

the RUN statement.

334
 The Assignment Statement
The assignment statement defines a variable being
created.
General form of the assignment statement:

variable = expression;

Example:
Bonus = Salary * 0.10;

Remember the semicolon.

335 ...
...
 The DATA Step
Based on the International Airlines lecture scenario, the
code for the complete DATA step is
data pilotdata;
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
Bonus = Salary * 0.10;
run;

336 ...
...
 Executing the Assignment Statement

Bonus = Salary * 0.10;

EmployeeID FirstName Salary Bonus

4268 ANGELA ... 52000

337 ...
...
 Executing the Assignment Statement

EVALUATE

Bonus = 52000 * 0.10

5200 5200

EmployeeID FirstName Salary Bonus

4268 ANGELA ... 52000 5200

338
 7.4 Exercises

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

339
 Planning to Create a Variable
Fill in the blanks and circle the correct answers for
questions 1.a through 1.h.
Based on your program named CH6EX2 or the
program named CH7EX, plan to create a variable.
The variable that needs to be created will represent a
50 cents per pound increase in cargo rate.
A list report needs to be displayed after you create the
variable. The desired report is Report #1 of the
Exercise Scenario.

340
 Planning to Create a Variable
a. The two steps to define a new variable are

name the new variable

determine the expression

341 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
b. The two types of constants are

character

numeric

342 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
c. Place the letter corresponding to the component in its
proper place in the diagram.

A expression B variable name

B
____________ A
= ____________

343 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
d. Circle the valid variable names below.
1) dept10
2) division_revenue
3) 1040_data
4) Sales&Marketing
5) number_of_participants
6) 1040-data

344 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
e. An expression can include constants,
variables, operators, and/or parentheses.

345 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
f. Place the letter corresponding to the expression
component in the blank preceding each example.
Avariable Bcharacter constant
Cnumeric constant

__________
C 7528
__________
B 10920 Sanderson Ave.
__________
A yearly_sales
__________
B 999-99-9999

346 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable

Avariable Bcharacter constant Cnumeric constant

__________
B Boston
__________
A gross_profit
__________
C 29.92
__________
B 29.92

347 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
g. Place the letter corresponding to the expression
component in front of its name.
CurrentRate + 15.28
A B C

C
__________ constant
A
__________ variable
__________
B operator

348 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
h. Circle the valid operators for an expression from the list
below.

1) * 6) %
2) / 7) -
3) # 8) &
4) ** 9) =
5) +

349 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
i. Name the variable to create that will represent a 50
cents per pound increase in cargo rate.
NewCargoRate

Name the numeric constant that is needed in the

expression.

0.50

350 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
Name the existing variable that is needed in the
expression.

CargoRate

Name the operator that is needed in the expression.

351 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Variable
Write the expression.
CargoRate + 0.50

Complete the following diagram.

NewCargoRate = ________________
______________ CargoRate + 0.50

352 ...
...
 Coding to Create a Variable
Based on your previous Planning to Create a Variable
exercise:
Write the assignment statement.

Retrieve your program named CH6EX2 OR the

program named CH7EX.
Add the assignment statement to the program after the
INPUT statement.
Save the code to a program named CH7EX2.

353
Chapter 8
Performing Conditional Logic
with the DATA Step
Section 8.1
Introduction
 Objectives
Plan to perform conditional logic to create a variable in
a SAS data set.
Code to perform conditional logic to create a variable
in a SAS data set.

356
 Why Use Conditional Logic?
Conditional logic is used to create values for a variable
based on whether a situation is true or false.

, take yo e a pair o
g ur ak f
in t

su
it is rain

erwise,
um

nglasse
bre l

h
la
f

s
I

.
357 ...
...
 Why Use Conditional Logic?
Employee New
Obs ID LastName JobCode Salary Salary

1 E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

2 E01682 TAILOR PILOT1 44980
. variable
A new . . needs
11 E01642 MCELROY
to be PILOT2
created, 78260
12 E04348representing
CARTER anPILOT2
increase in 74620
salary.
. . .
36 E03728 MASON PILOT3 116510
37 E03892 LEE PILOT3 112690

358 ...
...
 Why Use Conditional Logic?
Employee New
Obs ID LastName JobCode Salary Salary

1 E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

5% 76293
2 E01682 TAILOR PILOT1 44980
Increase 47229
. . .
11 E01642 MCELROY PILOT2 78260
7% 83738
12 E04348 CARTER PILOT2 74620
Increase
79843
. . .
36 E03728 MASON PILOT3 116510
9% 126996
37 E03892 LEE PILOT3 112690
Increase 122832

359 ...
...
Section 8.2
Planning to Perform
Conditional Logic to Create a
Variable
 Objectives
Plan to perform conditional logic to create a variable in
a SAS data set.

361
 Partial List Report
Employee
Obs ID LastName JobCode Salary

1 E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

2 E01682 TAILOR PILOT1 44980
. . .
11 E01642 MCELROY PILOT2 78260
12 E04348 CARTER PILOT2 74620
. . .
36 E03728 MASON PILOT3 116510
37 E03892 LEE PILOT3 112690

362
 Partial List Report
Employee New
Obs ID LastName JobCode Salary Salary

1 E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

5% 76293
2 E01682 TAILOR PILOT1 44980
Increase 47229
. . .
11 E01642 MCELROY PILOT2 78260
7% 83738
12 E04348 CARTER PILOT2 74620
Increase 79843
. . .
36 E03728 MASON PILOT3 116510
9% 126996
37 E03892 LEE PILOT3 112690
Increase 122832

363
 Requirements to Perform Conditional Logic
Specify the DATA step that defines the
SAS data set.
Determine the condition.
Determine the action.

364
 Specify the DATA Step that Defines the SAS
Data Set
data pilotdata;
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
Bonus = Salary * 0.10;
run;

365
 Determine the Condition
The condition is an expression that can be evaluated as
either true or false.

Example:

If it is raining,
take your umbrella.

366 ...
...
 Determine the Condition
The condition can be expressed as any valid combination of
constants

variables

operator and/or parentheses.

Example:
variable = constant

367
 Determine the Condition
Employee New
Obs ID LastName JobCode Salary Salary

1 E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

5% 76293
2 E01682 TAILOR PILOT1 44980
Increase 47229
. . .
11 E01642 MCELROY PILOT2 78260
7% 83738
12 E04348 CARTER PILOT2 74620
Increase 79843
. . .
36 E03728 MASON PILOT3 116510
9% 126996
37 E03892 LEE PILOT3 112690
Increase 122832

368 ...
...
 Determine the Condition
variable = constant

JobCode = 'PILOT1'
Character values
must be enclosed
JobCode = 'PILOT2' in quotes and
match the case
of the data.
JobCode = 'PILOT3'

369 ...
...
 Determine the Action
The action is what SAS should do when the condition is
true.

Example:

If it is raining,
take your umbrella.

370 ...
...
 Determine the Action
The action can involve creating a new variable.
Example:
new_variable = expression

371
 Determine the Action
Employee New
Obs ID LastName JobCode Salary Salary

1 E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

5% 76293
2 E01682 TAILOR PILOT1 44980
Increase 47229
. . .
11 E01642 MCELROY PILOT2 78260
7% 83738
12 E04348 CARTER PILOT2 74620
Increase 79843
. . .
36 E03728 MASON PILOT3 116510
9% 126996
37 E03892 LEE PILOT3 112690
Increase 122832

372 ...
...
 Determine the Action
new_variable = expression

NewSalary = Salary * 1.05

NewSalary = Salary * 1.07

NewSalary = Salary * 1.09

373 ...
...
Section 8.3
Coding to Perform Conditional
Logic to Create a Variable
 Objectives
Code to perform conditional logic to create a variable
in a SAS data set.

375
 The DATA Step
As a starting point for this section, the DATA step consists
of the following statements:
the DATA statement

the INFILE statement

the INPUT statement

the assignment statement

the RUN statement.

376
 The DATA Step
Conditional statements can be added.
The DATA step then consists of the following statements:
the DATA statement

the INFILE statement

the INPUT statement

the assignment statement

conditional statements

the RUN statement.

377
 Conditional Statements
Conditional statements can create values for a new
variable based on whether a condition is true or false.
Conditional statements can be expressed in the form of
IF-THEN statements.
General form of the IF-THEN statement:

IF condition THEN action;

378
 Conditional Statements
Example:

if job_code = PILOT1 then

condition
new_salary action
= salary * 1.05;

if job_code = PILOT2 then

condition
new_salary action
= salary * 1.07;

if job_code = PILOT3 then

condition
new_salary action
= salary * 1.09;

379
 Conditional Statements
Example:

if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then

NewSalary =action
Salary * 1.05;

if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then

NewSalary =action
Salary * 1.07;

if JobCode = 'PILOT3' then

NewSalary =action
Salary * 1.09;

380
 Conditional Statements
Example:

if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.05;

if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.07;

if JobCode = 'PILOT3' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.09;

381
 TRUE

condition
EVALUATED
new_variable = expression

value value

ASSIGNED

382 ...
...
 FALSE

condition BYPASSED

new_variable = expression

next statement

EXECUTED

383 ...
...
 Conditional Statements
In a series of related IF-THEN statements, each
statement is processed even if a prior IF-THEN statement
is true.

if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.05;

if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.07;

if JobCode = 'PILOT3' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.09;

384
 Conditional Statements
EmployeeID LastName JobCode Salary

E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

True if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.05;

False if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.07;

False if JobCode = 'PILOT3' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.09;

385 ...
...
 Conditional Statements
A more efficient approach uses an ELSE IF-THEN
sequence of statements. After a condition is true, no
further statements in the series are processed.
General form of the ELSE IF-THEN statement:

IF condition THEN action;

ELSE IF condition THEN action;
...

386
 Conditional Statements
Example:

if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.05;

else if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.07;

else if JobCode = 'PILOT3' then

NewSalary = Salary * 1.09;

387
 Conditional Statements
EmployeeID LastName JobCode Salary

E01046 CHAPMAN PILOT1 72660

if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then

True NewSalary = Salary * 1.05;

else if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then

The rest NewSalary = Salary * 1.07;
of the
series is else if JobCode = 'PILOT3' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.09;
skipped.

388 ...
...
 The DATA Step
data pilotdata;
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
Bonus = Salary * 0.10;
if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.05;
else if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.07;
else if JobCode = 'PILOT3' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.09;
run;

389 ...
...
 8.4 Exercises

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

390
 Planning to Perform Conditional Logic to
Create a Variable
Based on your program named CH7EX2 or the program
named CH8EX, plan to perform conditional logic to create
a variable.
The variable that needs to be created will represent an
increase in passenger fare. The passenger fares will
increase 8% for a short-range flight, 10% for a medium-
range flight, and 12% for a long-range flight.
A list report needs to be displayed after creating the
variable.

391
 Planning to Perform Conditional Logic to
Create a Variable

Determine the condition.

Range = 'SHORT'
Range = 'MEDIUM'
Range = 'LONG'
Determine the action.
NewPassengerFare = PassengerFare * 1.08
NewPassengerFare = PassengerFare * 1.10
NewPassengerFare = PassengerFare * 1.12

392 ...
...
 Coding to Perform Conditional Logic to
Create a Variable
Based on your previous Planning to Perform Conditional
Logic to Create a Variable exercise:
Write the three conditional statements.

Retrieve your program named CH7EX2 or the

program named CH8EX.
Add the conditional statements to the program after
the assignment statement.
Save the code to a program named CH8EX2.

393
Chapter 9
Creating Statistical Reports
with PROC Steps
Section 9.1
Introduction
 Objectives
Plan to create a summary report based on a
SAS data set.
Code to create a summary report based on a
SAS data set.
Plan to create a frequency report based on a
SAS data set.
Code to create a frequency report based on a
SAS data set.

396
 Why Create a Statistical Report?
You create a statistical report
to display statistical information
that is not available in a list report.

397 ...
...
 A SAS Statistical Report
A statistical report
displays statistics calculated based on the SAS
data set
consolidates data from the SAS data set

represents multiple observations from the SAS data

set in each line of the report
may be either

summary
frequency.

398
 A SAS Summary Report
A SAS summary report
produces simple descriptive statistics for numeric
variables
calculates descriptive statistics including

number of nonmissing values

mean
standard deviation
minimum value
maximum value.

399
 Example of a SAS Summary Report
The MEANS Procedure
N
Category Obs Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum Maximum
____________________________________________________________________
DOM 19 Salary 19 68405.79 11439.29 44980.00 79760.00
NewSalary 19 72550.12 12562.02 47229.00 85342.20
INT 31 Salary 31 99252.55 21019.22 67340.00 125250.00
NewSalary 31 107365.26 23700.21 72052.80 136522.50
____________________________________________________________________

400
 A SAS Frequency Report
A SAS frequency report
produces simple statistics that count how often
individual values occur within a SAS data set
calculates statistics including

frequency
percent
cumulative frequency
cumulative percent.

401
 Example of a SAS Frequency Report
The FREQ Procedure

Cumulative Cumulative
Category Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
------------------------------------------------------
DOM 19 38.00 19 38.00

INT 31 62.00 50 100.00

402
Section 9.2
Planning to Create a Summary
Report
 Objectives
Plan to create a summary report based on a SAS
data set.

404
 Example of a SAS Summary Report
The MEANS Procedure
N
Category Obs Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum Maximum
____________________________________________________________________
DOM 19 Salary 19 68405.79 11439.29 44980.00 79760.00
NewSalary 19 72550.12 12562.02 47229.00 85342.20
INT 31 Salary 31 99252.55 21019.22 67340.00 125250.00
NewSalary 31 107365.26 23700.21 72052.80 136522.50
_____________________________________________________________________

405
 Requirements to Create a SAS
Summary Report
1. Name the SAS data set to be referenced.
2. Determine the variables on which to calculate the
statistics.
2. Determine the variable by which to group the data.

406
 DATA Step Example
data pilotdata;
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
Bonus = Salary * 0.10;
if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.05;
else if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.07;
else if JobCode = 'PILOT3' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.09;
run;

407
 Name the SAS Data Set to Be Referenced

Operating SAS Data Set

Environment Name

Windows pilotdata

UNIX pilotdata

OS/390 pilotdata

408
 Determine the Variables on Which to
Calculate the Statistics
SAS Variable Name
EmployeeID
FirstName
LastName
JobCode
Salary
Category
Bonus
NewSalary
409 ...
...
 Determine the Variable by Which to Group
the Data
SAS Variable Name
EmployeeID
FirstName
LastName
JobCode
Salary
Category
Bonus
NewSalary
410 ...
...
Section 9.3
Coding to Create a Summary
Report
 Objectives
Code to create a summary report based on a SAS
data set.

412
 Choosing the PROC MEANS Step

PROC
Step(s)

PRINT ...

MEANS FREQ

413
 The PROC MEANS Step

Start proc means _________ ;

_______________ ;
. . .
_______________ ;
End run;

414 ...
...
 The PROC MEANS Step
The PROC MEANS statement names the SAS data set
displayed in the summary report.

General form of the PROC MEANS statement:

PROC MEANS DATA=SAS_data_set_name;

The RUN statement signals the end of the step.

General form of the RUN statement:

RUN;

415
 The PROC MEANS Step
Based on the International Airlines lecture scenario, the
code for the complete PROC MEANS step is

proc means data=pilotdata;

run;

416
 The VAR Statement
The VAR statement can be added to the
PROC MEANS step.
The PROC MEANS step then consists of the following
statements:
the PROC MEANS statement

the VAR statement

the RUN statement.

417
 The VAR Statement
The VAR statement names the variables on which to
calculate the statistics.
General form of the VAR statement:

VAR variable . . . ;

Example:
var Salary NewSalary;

418
 The VAR Statement
Based on the International Airlines lecture scenario, the
code for the complete PROC MEANS step is

proc means data=pilotdata;

var Salary NewSalary;
run;

419
 The CLASS Statement
The CLASS statement can be added to the
PROC MEANS step.
The PROC MEANS step then consists of the following
statements:
the PROC MEANS statement

the VAR statement

the CLASS statement

the RUN statement.

420
 The CLASS Statement
The CLASS statement names the variables by which to group the
data.
General form of the CLASS statement:

CLASS variable . . . ;
Example:

class Category;

421
 The CLASS Statement
Based on the International Airlines lecture scenario, the
code for the complete PROC MEANS step is

proc means data=pilotdata;

var Salary NewSalary;
class Category;
run;

422
Section 9.4
Planning to Create a
Frequency Report
 Objectives
Plan to create a frequency report based on a SAS
data set.

424
 Example of a SAS Frequency Report
The FREQ Procedure

Cumulative Cumulative
Category Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
______________________________________________________
DOM 19 38.00 19 38.00

INT 31 62.00 50 100.00

425
 Requirements to Create a SAS Frequency
Report
1. Name the SAS data set to be referenced.
2. Determine the variable on which to calculate the
frequency statistics.

426
 DATA Step Example
data pilotdata;
infile 'input-raw-data-file';
input EmployeeID $ 1 - 6
FirstName $ 7 - 19
LastName $ 20 - 34
JobCode $ 35 - 41
Salary 42 - 47
Category $ 48 - 50;
Bonus = Salary * 0.10;
if JobCode = 'PILOT1' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.05;
else if JobCode = 'PILOT2' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.07;
else if JobCode = 'PILOT3' then
NewSalary = Salary * 1.09;
run;

427
 Name the SAS Data Set to Be Referenced

Operating SAS Data Set

Environment Name

Windows pilotdata

UNIX pilotdata

OS/390 pilotdata

428
 Determine the Variable on Which to
Calculate the Frequency Statistics
SAS Variable Name
EmployeeID
FirstName
LastName
JobCode
Category
Salary
Bonus
NewSalary

429 ...
...
Section 9.5
Coding to Create a Frequency
Report
 Objectives
Code to create a frequency report based on a SAS
data set.

431
 Choosing the PROC FREQ Step

PROC
Step(s)

PRINT ...

MEANS FREQ

432
 The PROC FREQ Step

Start proc freq __________ ;

_______________ ;
. . .
_______________ ;
End run;

433 ...
...
 The PROC FREQ Step
The PROC FREQ statement names the SAS data set
being displayed in the frequency report.
General form of a PROC FREQ statement:

PROC FREQ DATA=SAS_data_set_name;

The RUN statement signals the end of the step.

General form of the RUN statement:

RUN;

434
 The PROC FREQ Step
Based on the International Airlines lecture scenario, the
code for the complete PROC FREQ step is

proc freq data=pilotdata;

run;

435
 The TABLES Statement
The TABLES statement can be added to the PROC FREQ
step.
The PROC FREQ step then consists of the following
statements:
the PROC FREQ statement

the TABLES statement

the RUN statement.

436
 The TABLES Statement
The TABLES statement names the variables on which to calculate the
frequency statistics.

General form of the TABLES statement:

TABLES variable . . . ;
Example:

tables Category;

437
 The TABLES Statement
Based on the International Airlines lecture scenario, the
code for the complete PROC FREQ step is

proc freq data=pilotdata;

tables Category;
run;

438
 One-Way Frequency
A one-way frequency table is generated by a single
variable name on the TABLES statement.

TABLES variable;

Example:
tables Category;

439
 One-Way Frequency
The FREQ Procedure

Cumulative Cumulative
Category Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
______________________________________________________
DOM 19 38.00 19 38.00

INT 31 62.00 50 100.00

440
 Two-Way Frequency
A two-way frequency table can be generated by two
variable names joined with an asterisk on the TABLES
statement.

TABLES variable*variable;

Example:

tables Category*JobCode;

441
 Two-Way Frequency
Partial Output

The FREQ Procedure

Table of Category by JobCode

Category JobCode
Frequency|
Percent |
Row Pct |
Col Pct | PILOT1 |PILOT2 PILOT3 Total
_________|________ |___________________
DOM | 10 | 9 0 19
| 20.00 | 18.00 0.00 38.00
| 52.63 | 47.37 0.00
|100.00 | 36.00 0.00

442
 9.6 Exercises

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

443
 Planning to Create a Summary Report
Based on your program named CH8EX2 or the program
named CH9EX, plan to create a summary report.
The desired summary report is a comparison between the
average current passenger fare and the average new
passenger fare for the domestic and international flights.
This is Report #2 of the exercise scenario.

444
 Planning to Create a Summary Report
Name the SAS data set to be referenced.

ratedata

Name the variables on which to calculate the descriptive

statistics.

PassengerFare
NewPassengerFare

445 ...
...
 Planning to Create a Summary Report
Name the variable by which to group the data.

Category

446 ...
...
 Coding to Create a Summary Report
Based on your previous Planning to Create a Summary
Report exercise, write the
1. PROC MEANS statement
2. VAR statement
3. CLASS statement
4. RUN statement.
Retrieve your program named CH8EX2 or the program
named CH9EX.
Add the PROC MEANS step to the bottom of the
program.
Save the code to a program file named CH9EX2.

447
 Planning to Create a Frequency Report
Based on your program named CH8EX2 or the program
named CH9EX, plan to create a frequency report.
The desired frequency report is a breakdown of the
percentage of domestic flights versus international flights.
This is Report #3 of the exercise scenario.

448
 Planning to Create a Frequency Report
Name the SAS data set to be referenced.

ratedata
Name the variable on which to calculate the frequency
statistics.

Category

449 ...
...
 Coding to Create a Frequency Report
Based on your previous Planning to Create a Frequency
Report exercise, write the
1. PROC FREQ statement
2. TABLES statement
3. RUN statement.
Retrieve your program named CH8EX2 or the program
named CH9EX.
Add the PROC FREQ step to the bottom of the program.
Save the code to a program file named CH9EX4.

450
Chapter 10
Additional Topics
Section 10.1
Sorting the Observations in a
SAS Data Set
 Objectives
Sort the observations in a SAS data set.

453
 Why Sort the Observations?
Sorting observations enables
you to create a list report
with the observations in a
particular order.

454 ...
...
 Example of a List Report
Employee Job
Obs ID FirstName LastName Code

1 E01046 DAVID CHAPMAN PILOT1

The2PRINT procedure
E01682 displays the
VICTOR observations
TAILOR PILOT1
3
in the E02659
order CLIFTON
that they are G.
storedWILDER PILOT1
in the SAS data set.
4 E04042 SAMUEL BENNETT PILOT1
5 E04732 CHRISTIAN EDMINSTON PILOT1
6 E03740 CRAIG N. SAWYER PILOT1
7 E03389 LOUISE STAINES PILOT1
8 E04688 JOHN D. PERRY PILOT1

455 ...
...
 Sorting Observations in a Data Set
2 1
EmployeeID FirstName LastName JobCode
E06745 CHUCK SMITH PILOT2
E07884 DONNA BROWN PILOT2
E07902 TINA SMITH PILOT2

EmployeeID FirstName LastName JobCode

E07884 DONNA BROWN PILOT2
E06745 CHUCK SMITH PILOT2
E07902 TINA SMITH PILOT2

456 ...
...
 Sorting Observations in a Data Set
The SORT procedure
rearranges the observations in a SAS data set

can create a new SAS data set containing the

rearranged observations
can sort on multiple variables

sorts in ascending order (by default)

does not generate printed output.

457
 Requirements for Sorting Observations in a
Data Set
1. Name the SAS data set to be sorted.
2. Name the SAS data set to be created (optional).
2. Name the variable(s) and order by which to sort.

458
 Name the SAS Data Set to be Sorted

Operating
SAS Data Set Name
Environment

Windows pilotdata

UNIX pilotdata

OS/390 pilotdata

459
 Name the SAS Data Set to be Created
(Optional)

Operating
SAS Data Set Name
Environment

Windows sortedpilotdata

UNIX sortedpilotdata

OS/390 sortedpilotdata

460
 Name the Variable(s) and Order by Which
to Sort

SAS Variable Name

EmployeeID

second FirstName

first LastName

JobCode

Salary

Category
461 ...
...
 The PROC SORT Step
The PROC SORT step consists of the following statements:
the PROC SORT statement
the BY statement
the RUN statement.

462
 The PROC SORT Statement
The PROC SORT statement names the SAS data set to
be sorted.
Optionally, the PROC SORT statement names the SAS
data set to be created.

General form of the PROC SORT statement:

PROC SORT DATA=SAS_data_set_name

OUT=NEW_SAS_data_set_name;

463
 The PROC SORT Statement
Example:

proc sort data=pilotdata

out=sortedpilotdata;

464
 The BY Statement
The BY statement determines the sort order of the SAS
data set.
General form of the BY statement:

BY variable(s);
Example:

by LastName FirstName;

Default: Ascending order

Descending option

BY <descending> variable(s);

465
 The RUN Statement
The RUN statement signals the end of a step.

General form of the RUN statement:

RUN;

466
 The PROC SORT Step
Based on the scenario, the code for the complete
PROC SORT step is

proc sort data=pilotdata

out=sortedpilotdata;
by LastName FirstName;
run;

467
 Removing duplicates
The NODUPKEY option removes the records with
duplicate BY values.

General form of the NODUPKEY option:

PROC SORT DATA=SAS-data-set NODUPKEY;

BY variable(s);
RUN;

468
 Removing duplicates
The NODUPRECS option removes the duplicate records.

Alias: NODUP

General form of the NODUPRECS option:

PROC SORT DATA=SAS-data-set NODUPRECS / NODUP;

BY variable(s);
RUN;

469
Section 10.2
Reading Excel Spreadsheets
 Objectives
Create a SAS data set from an Excel spreadsheet
using the Import Wizard and Procedure.

471
 Business Task
The flight data for Dallas and Los Angeles are in an
Excel spreadsheet. Read the data into a SAS data set.

Excel Spreadsheet

SAS Data Set

Flight Date Dest FirstClass Economy
SAS Data Set
439 12/11/00 LAX 20 137
921 12/11/00 DFW 20 131
114 12/12/00 LAX 15 170

472
 The Import Wizard
The Import Wizard is a point-and-click graphical
interface that enables you to create a SAS data set
from several types of external files including

dBASE files (*.DBF)

Excel spreadsheets (*.XLS)
Microsoft Access tables (*.MDB)
delimited files (*.*)
comma-separated values (*.CSV).

473
 The Import Procedure
PROC IMPORT is the procedure that has the same
functionality as the Import Wizard.

proc import out=pilotdata;

datafile=C:\PilotData.xls;
DBMS=EXCEL2000 replace;
getnames=YES;
run;

474
 10.3 Exercises

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed

previously.

475
 Sorting Observations in a Data Set
Based on the program named CH10EX, plan and
code to create a list report.
The following is a partial example of the list report that
needs to be created. The data is sorted by two
variables.

Obs Origination Destination Range Category

1 AKL WLG SHORT DOM
2 AMS LHR SHORT INT
. . . . .
97 RDU SEA MEDIUM DOM
98 RDU SFO MEDIUM DOM
99 SEA RDU MEDIUM DOM
100 SEA SFO SHORT DOM
. . . . .

476
 Sorting Observations in a Data Set
Name the SAS data set to be sorted.

ratedata
Name the SAS data set to be created.

sortedratedata

477 ...
...
 Sorting Observations in a Data Set
Name the variables by which to sort.
First sort variable: Origination
Second sort variable: Destination

478 ...
...
 Some more PROCs
Copying data set (s) from one library to another using Code
proc copy in=Library1 out=Library2;
Select File1 File2;
run;

Append two files

proc append base=basefile
data=newfile;
run;

SQL Procedure
proc sql;
SQL-statements;
quit;
479
 Character Functions
1. Select a given word from a character expression
SCAN(string, n<, delimiters>)

Default delimiters: blank . < ( + & ! $ * ) ; ^ - / , % |

2. Select a part of a character expression
SUBSTR(variable, position<,length>)

If you omit length, remainder of expression starting from position will be taken.

3. Remove trailing blanks from a character expression

TRIM(argument)

4. Remove specific characters from a character expression

COMPRESS(source<, characters-to-remove>)
480
 Character Functions
5. Search a character expression for a string of characters
INDEX(source, excerpt)

If the string is not found, INDEX returns a value of 0.

UPCASE

LOWCASE
481
 Self-Study
SCANQ
TRIMN
LEFT
RIGHT
DEQUOTE
INDEXC

482
 Some more Functions
Increment a date, time, or datetime value by a given interval
or intervals, and return a date, time, or datetime value
INTNX(interval,start-from,increment<,alignment>)

yr=intnx('year','05feb94'd,3);

Return the integer count of the number of interval boundaries

between two dates, two times, or two datetime values
INTCK(interval, from, to)

year=intck('year','31dec94'd, '01jan95'd);

483
Chapter 11
Learning More
Section 11.1
Next Steps
 Next Steps
Having completed this course, you now have a
broad understanding of the capabilities of the base
SAS product
general knowledge of some of the commonly used
programming features and procedures.

486
 Next Steps
Refer to the SAS Training Web site at
www.sas.com/training for more information on these
classes and the broad curriculum of courses available
from SAS Institute Inc.

487
 Next Steps
Consider SAS e-Learning products to enhance and
practice what you learn in class.
SAS Online Tutor software - Web-based training for
acquiring Version 8 SAS programming skills
SAS Tutor software - a CD-ROM library of six lessons
designed to teach Version 6 SAS programming skills.

488
Section 11.2
SAS Institute Resources
 SAS Services
SAS Institute is a full service company that provides
consulting short- or long-term consulting services to
meet your business needs
training instructor-based and on-line training
options
certification global certification program to assess
knowledge of SAS software and earn
industry-recognized credentials.

490
 SAS Services
SAS Institute is a full-service company that provides
online help a comprehensive online help
system to address many of your
information needs
documentation extensive online and hardcopy
reference information
technical support specialists for all SAS software
products and supported operating
systems.

491
 SAS Services
Access the SAS Web site at www.sas.com to learn more
about the available software, support, and services and to
take advantage of these offerings.

492
 Online Help and Documentation
SAS features an extensive online help system. You can
also access SAS OnlineDoc, which provides you with
SAS System reference documentation.

493
 SAS Documentation
SAS documentation is also available in hardcopy. Some
useful references are
Getting Started with the SAS System, Version 8

SAS Language Reference: Dictionary, Version 8

SAS Language Reference: Concepts, Version 8

SAS Procedures Guide, Version 8.

494