The document covers basic concepts of sets including defining a set, elements and members of a set, different ways to describe a set, kinds of sets such as finite, infinite, empty, universal sets. It also discusses set relationships like equivalent and equal sets, subset and proper subset relationships. Finally, it covers basic operations that can be performed on sets such as union, intersection, complement, difference, Cartesian product.
The document covers basic concepts of sets including defining a set, elements and members of a set, different ways to describe a set, kinds of sets such as finite, infinite, empty, universal sets. It also discusses set relationships like equivalent and equal sets, subset and proper subset relationships. Finally, it covers basic operations that can be performed on sets such as union, intersection, complement, difference, Cartesian product.
The document covers basic concepts of sets including defining a set, elements and members of a set, different ways to describe a set, kinds of sets such as finite, infinite, empty, universal sets. It also discusses set relationships like equivalent and equal sets, subset and proper subset relationships. Finally, it covers basic operations that can be performed on sets such as union, intersection, complement, difference, Cartesian product.
The document covers basic concepts of sets including defining a set, elements and members of a set, different ways to describe a set, kinds of sets such as finite, infinite, empty, universal sets. It also discusses set relationships like equivalent and equal sets, subset and proper subset relationships. Finally, it covers basic operations that can be performed on sets such as union, intersection, complement, difference, Cartesian product.
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Chapter 1
SETS 1.1 SETS A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. Examples: a) The set of real numbers. b) The set of counting numbers less than 10. c) The set of months of the year that has 31 days. d) The set of even numbers between 3 and 25. 1.1 SETS Each object of a set is called a member or an element of the set. The symbol is used to indicate that an element belongs to a given set and the symbol to denote that an element does not belong to the set. Capital letters are often used to represent or stand for a set. If a is an element of set S, then a belongs to S and is written as a S. The notation a S means that a does not belong to S. 1.1 SETS Methods of Describing a Set 1. Roster or Listing Method it describes the set by listing all elements of the set separated by commas and enclosed in braces { }. 2. Rule Method or Set-Builder Notation it describes the set by enclosing a descriptive phrase of the elements in braces. 1.1 SETS Examples: Write each of the following sets using roster method and rule method. 1. The vowels in the alphabet. 2. The counting numbers between 2 and 7. 3. The single digits used in our decimal system. 4. The set of all odd numbers between 2 and 7. 5. The fraction whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is a counting number less than 5. 6. The letters in the word ELEMENT. 1.1 SETS Note: The elements of a set may appear in any order and are never repeated.
Cardinality of Set The cardinality of a set S, denoted by n(S) or |S|, is the number of distinct elements in the set. Examples: Find the cardinality of the above sets. 1.2 KINDS OF SETS Finite Set and Infinite Set A finite set is a set whose elements can be counted; otherwise, the set is an infinite set. Null or Empty Set A null or empty set, denoted by or { }, is a set that has no element. Universal Set The universal set, denoted by U, is a set that contains all the elements in consideration. 1.2 KINDS OF SETS Examples: Determine if the following sets is a finite set, infinite set, or a null/empty set. a) A = {2, 4, 6, 8} b) B = {1, 3, 5,} c) C = {1, 2, 3, ,20} d) D = {x|x is an integer} e) E = {x|x is an odd number less than 10} f) F = {x|x is a prime number between 19 and 23} 1.2 KINDS OF SETS Note: The cardinality of a null or empty set is zero. 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS A one-to-one correspondence exists between two sets A and B if it is possible to associate the elements of A with the elements of B in such a way that each element of each set is associated with exactly one element of the other. Example: A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2, 3} 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS Equivalent and Equal Sets
Two sets A and B are equivalent, denoted by
A B, if and only if there exists a one-to-one correspondence between them.
Two sets A and B are equal, denoted by A =
B, if the elements of A and B are exactly the same. 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS Examples: Tell whether the given sets are equal or equivalent. a) {a, b, c, d} and {1, 2, 3, 4} b) {1, 2, 3} and {2, 1, 3}
Note: Equal sets are always
equivalent but equivalent sets are not always equal. 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS Joint and Disjoint Sets Two sets A and B are joint if and only if A and B have common elements, otherwise, A and B are disjoint. Examples: Tell the relationships (in pairs) between the three sets given whether it is joint or disjoint sets. Let A = {2, 4, 6, 7}, B = {2, 4, 5, 8}, C = {1, 3, 5, 8} 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS Subset and Proper Subset Set A is a subset of (or included in) B, denoted by A B, if every element of A is an element of B. Set A is a proper subset of B, denotedby A B, if A is a subset of B and B has at least one element not found in A.
If there is an element of set A which is not found
in
set B, then A is not a subset of B, denoted by A B. The set {1, 2} is a proper subset of {1, 2, 3}. Any set is a subset of itself, but not a proper subset. The empty set { }, denoted by , is also a subset of any given set X. It is also always a proper subset of any set except itself. The set {x: x is a prime number greater than 2000} is a proper subset of {x: x is an odd number greater than 1000} The set of natural numbers is a proper subset of the set of rational numbers and the set of points in a line segment is a proper subset of the set of points in a line. Here are some examples of true statements using the subset symbol:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... } {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4} {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}
{-2, -3, -4} {-2,-2.5, -3, -3.5, -4} The following statements, are true:
{-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} {0, -1, -2, -3, -4, ...}
{-2,-2.5, -3, -3.5, -4} {-2, -3, -4} 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS Example: Tell whether the given pairs of sets are subsets, proper subsets or not a subset. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, C = {4, 5, 6, 7} 1. A and B A is a proper subset of B 2. B and A B is not a subset of A 3. A and C A is not a subset of C 4. B and C B is not a subset of C 5. C and B C is a proper subset of B 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS Power Set The power of set A, denoted byA P , is a set whose elements are all the subsets of A. Note: A null set is a subset of any given set. Any set is a subset of itself. There aren 2 subsets, where n is the number of elements, that can be formed for any given set. () 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS Example: If A = {2, 4, 6}, determine the power set of A. 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS Exercises: For each of the following sets, determine which is finite and which is infinite. For the finite sets, tell which are equivalent and which are equal. 1. The set of first five counting numbers. 2. The set of all even numbers. 3. The set of distinct letters in the word CALCULUS. 4. The set of even numbers less than 5. 5. The set of points in a given plane that are exactly two units from a given point in that plane. 6. The set whose elements are 2 and 4. 1.3 SET RELATIONSHIPS Venn Diagram It is the pictorial representation in dealing with the relations between sets, after the English logician James Venn. 1.4 OPERATIONS ON SETS Union of Sets The union of two sets A and B denoted by A U B, is the set whose elements belong to A or to B or to both A and B. In symbol, A U B = {x|x A or x B or x A and B} Examples: Find the union of the pairs of sets given that A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {b, c, d}, C = {1, 3, 5, 8}, D = {2, 3, 4, 5} 1. A U B 2. C U D 1.4 OPERATIONS ON SETS Intersection of Sets The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A B , is the set whose elements are common to A and B. In symbol, A B =A B x | x A x B and Examples: Find the intersection of the given pairs of sets given that A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {1, 2, 3} and D = {5, 10, 15} A B AC B C A D 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.4 OPERATIONS ON SETS Complement of a Set The complement of a set A, denoted by A, is the set with elements found in the universal set, but not in A; that is, the difference of the universal set and A. In symbol, A' x | x A x A and Examples: Find A given that a) U = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} and A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} b) U = {1, 2, 3, 4, } and A = {4, 5, 6, 7,} 1.4 OPERATIONS ON SETS Difference of Sets The difference of two sets A and B, denoted by A B, is the set whose elements are in A but not in B. In symbol, and A B x | x A x B Example: Given: A = {2,3,4,5} and B = {1,2,3} Find: a) A B b) B - A 1.4 OPERATIONS ON SETS Cartesian Product of Sets The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted by A x B, is the set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that x is an element of A andAxB y is x,an y | x element A of yB B. In symbol, and Example: Given: A = {1,2} and B = {a,b}. Find AxB 1.4 OPERATIONS ON SETS Note: AxB BxA
Examples: 1.Let U={x|x is a counting number less than 10} A={x|x is a positive odd integer less than 10} B={2,4,6,8} C={2,3,4,5} Find: a) AUB b) AUC c) BUC d) A B e) A C f) B C g) A h) B i) C 1.4 OPERATIONS ON SETS 2. A survey of 100 students revealed the following information as to the number of students enrolled in Mathematics (M), Physics (P) and Chemistry (C) : Subject No. of students enrolled M 26 C 65 P 65 M and C 14 M and P 13 C and P 40 M, C and P 8 a) How many students are taking any one of the three subjects? b) How many students did not take any of the three subjects? c) How many students are enrolled only in M? d) How many students are enrolled only in C? e) How many students are enrolled only in P? 1.4 OPERATIONS ON SETS 3. In a survey concerning the number of students enrolled in Mathematics, it was found out that 30 are enrolled in Algebra, Calculus and Trigonometry; 40 in Algebra and Trigonometry; 45 in Trigonometry and Calculus; 50 in Algebra and calculus; 80 in Algebra; and 70 in Calculus. If there are 130 students in all, how many students are enrolled in 4. In a survey among moviegoers preferences, 60% like fiction, 55% like drama, 56% like comedy, 25% like fiction and drama, 30% like fiction and comedy, 26% like comedy and drama, and 5% like fiction, drama and comedy. Only 5% of the respondents do not prefer any types of movies mentioned. 1. Draw a Venn Diagram corresponding to the given data. 2. What are the percentages of moviegoers who prefer a. comedy but not fiction? b. drama only? c. fiction or comedy but not drama? d. comedy and drama but not fiction?
