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8-6 Data Transfer and Manipulation

This document discusses different types of computer instructions including data transfer, data manipulation, and program control instructions. It provides examples of common data transfer instructions like load, store, move, and input/output. It also describes different categories of data manipulation instructions such as arithmetic, logical/bit, and shift instructions. The document concludes by covering topics like subroutine calls and returns, program interrupts, and different types of interrupts.

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Sadaf Rasheed
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921 views16 pages

8-6 Data Transfer and Manipulation

This document discusses different types of computer instructions including data transfer, data manipulation, and program control instructions. It provides examples of common data transfer instructions like load, store, move, and input/output. It also describes different categories of data manipulation instructions such as arithmetic, logical/bit, and shift instructions. The document concludes by covering topics like subroutine calls and returns, program interrupts, and different types of interrupts.

Uploaded by

Sadaf Rasheed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Transfer and

Manipulation

By:-
Gaurav Pal(8136)
Data Transfer and
Manipulation
Most computer instructions can be
classified into three categories:
1)Data transfer,
2) Data manipulation,
3) Program control instructions
Data Transfer Instruction
Data transfer instructions move data
from one place in the computer to
another without changing the data
content
The most common transfers are
between memory and processor
registers,between processor registers
and input or output,and between the
processor registers themselves.
NAME Mnemonic
Load LD
Store ST
Move MOV
Exchange XCH
Input IN
Output OUT
Push PUSH
pop POP

Typical Data Transfer Instruction :


Load : transfer from memory to a processor
register, usually an AC (memory read)
Store : transfer from a processor register into
memory (memory write)
Move : transfer from one register to another
register
Exchange : swap information between two
registers or a register and a memory word
Input/Output : transfer data among processor
registers and input/output device
Push/Pop : transfer data between processor
registers and a memory stack
Data Manipulation
Instruction
Data Manipulation Instructions
perform operations on data and
provide the computational
capabilities for the computer.
It is divided into three basic types:
1) Arithmetic,
2) Logical and bit manipulation,
3) Shift Instruction
Arithmetic Insructions
NAME Mnemonic
Increment INC
Decrement DEC
Add ADD
Subtract SUB
Multiply MUL
Divide DIV
Add with ADDC
carry
Subtract SUBB
with
borrow
Negate (2s NEG
Logical and bit manipulation
Insructions
NAME Mnemonic
Clear CLR
Complement COM
AND AND
OR OR
Exclusive-or XOR
Clear carry CLRC
Set carry SETC
complement COMC
carry
Enable EI
interrupt
Disable DI
interrupt
Shift Instructions
NAME Mnemonic
Logical shift SHR
right
Logical shift SHL
left
Arithmetic SHRA
shift right
Arithmetic SHLA
shift left
Rotate right ROR
Rotate left ROL
Rotate right RORC
through
carry
Rotate left ROLC
through
carry
Program control
Program control instructions specify
conditions for altering the content of
the program counter , while data
transfer and manipulation instructions
specify condtions for data-processing
NAME Mnemonic
operations.
Branch BR
Jump JMP
Skip SKP
Call CALL
Return RET
Compare(by CMP
subtraction)
Test(by ANDing) TST
Status Bit Conditions
It is convinent to supplement the
ALU circuit in the CPU with a status
register where status bit condition
can be stored for further analysis.
Status bits are also called condition
code bit or flag bit.
The four status bits are symbolized
by C,S,Z and V.
The bits are set or cleared as a result
of an operation performed in the ALU
4-bit status register
Conditional Branch
Instructions :
Subroutine Call and
Return
It is a self-contained sequence of
instructions that performs a given
computational task.
During the execution of a program,a
subroutine may call when it is called, a
branch is executed to the beginning of the
subroutine to start executing its set of
instructions. After the subroutine has been
executed,a branch is made back to the
main program.
A subroutine call is implemented with
the following microoperations:
CALL:
SP SP-1: Decrement stack point
M[SP] PC : Push content of PC onto
the stack
PCEffective Address : Transfer control
to the subroutine
RETURN:
PC M[SP] : Pop stack and transfer to PC
SP SP+1 : Increment stack pointer
Program Interrupt
Transfer program control from a
currently running program to another
service program
as a result of an external or internal
generated request
Control returns to the original
program after the service program is
executed
Types of Interrupts
1) External Interrupts
come from I/O device, from a timing device, from a
circuit
monitoring the power supply, or from any other
external source
2) Internal Interrupts or TRAP
caused by register overflow, attempt to divide by
zero,
an invalid operation code, stack overflow, and
protection violation
3) Software Interrupts
initiated by executing an instruction (INT or RST)
used by the programmer to initiate an interrupt
procedure at any desired point in the program

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