Chapter 1 Over view
Overview of Operating Systems
Operating System
1. It is a bridge between a human and a computer
2. A system by which you can communicate with a
computer
3. A master controlling program that manages computer
Layers of Operating System
resources
UNIX Shell, commands and application programs ,GUI
Language libraries and system call interface
Operating System Kernel
Computer Hardware
Interfaces
Character (command line interface)
Graphical User Interface (desktop icons and drop
down menus)
Types of Operating Systems
Single-user, Single purpose
...Only 1 user can use 1 program
Single user, Multiprocess System
Only 1 user can use more than 1 programs
Multiuser, Multiprocess System
...More then 1 user can use more than 1 programs
Brief History of MULTICS
Operating Systems
Introduction of UNIX
In 1960s Bell labs developed a large operating system MULTICS
(multi user multi process).
In the same year they decided not to pursue on MILTICS as it was
full of
problems.
Programmers were pulled out but some lingered on there own.
These programmers came up with a operating system which used to
serve
only one person and do one task at a time, but was pretty good
and they named it as UNIX.
Virtual Machine
In the virtual machine approach, a virtual machine software
layer on the bare hardware of the machine gives the illusion
that all machine hardware (i.e.; the processor, main memory,
secondary storage, etc) is at sole disposal of each user.
Virtual machines allow you to run other operating systems
within your current operating system the operating systems
will run as if theyre just another program on your computer.
The Bus
The System Bus has 3 types of Buses
Data Bus: It carries the data. is a communication system that transfers
data between components inside acomputer, or between computers.
Control Bus: It carries the control information such as read , write
instructions. Acontrol busis a computerbusthat is used by the CPU to
communicate with devices that are contained within the computer.
Address Bus: It carries the address/path, where the data needs to go.
Layers of Operating System in Detail
Application programs , ftp, web browser , telnet
Unix shell
Language libraries : c c++ , java
System call interface (entry points to kernel)
Inter process Process CPU
File Manager communicatio manager Scheduler
Kernel n
Ptimary and secondary storage
management
Device drives: Mouse drivers, Printer drives .
Computer Hardware: hard disk, CD-ROM, RAM, printer
Advanced Operating system
1- Distributed operating system:
Operating system for network of
autonomous
computers connected by a communication network.
2- Multiprocessor operating system:
More than one processor in a
single computer system.
3- Database operating system:
A system that supports the concept of a
transaction; operations to store, retrieve and manipulate a large volume of data
efficiently.
4 (a)- What is a real time system
-Systems where timeliness of response to user/external requests play a very
crucial role.
-They often referred to large, high powered, expensive systems.
-used in defence, medical equipment and industrial robots
-Fax machine, cameras, printers, wireless routers also fall mostly in real time
systems .
4 (b) What is embedded system?
-The system where programmable computing elements are embedded
inside.
- An embedded system is said to be "real-time" when it is designed in
order to
guarantee that real-time application requests will be served within
deadlines
