Discovering Computers 2016

Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 11
Building
Solutions
Objectives Overview

Differentiate among a
Differentiate between Describe uses of web
character, field,
file processing databases, types of
record, and data file
systems and the databases, and Big
and describe
database approach Data
validation techniques
Discuss functions
common to most
database Define system
management development, list the
systems: data system development
dictionary, file phases, and identify
retrieval and the guidelines for
maintenance, data system development
security, and backup
and recovery
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Objectives Overview

Discuss the
importance of project
Discuss the purpose of Differentiate between
management,
and tasks conducted low-level languages
feasibility assessment,
in each system and procedural
documentation, and
development phase languages
data and information
gathering techniques

Identify the benefits of

object-oriented
Describe various ways
programming
to develop webpages
languages and
and web applications
application
development tools

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Databases, Data, and
Information
Database Data Information
Collection Collection Processed
of data of data
organized in unprocesse Organized
a manner d items Meaningfu
that allows Text l
access, Numbers Useful
retrieval, Images
and use of
Audio
that data
Video
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Databases, Data, and
Information

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Figure 11-1 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and
Information
Database software, often called a
database management system
(DBMS), allows users to:
Create a
Add, modify, and
computerized
delete data
database

Create forms and

Sort and retrieve
reports from the
data
data
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Databases, Data, and
Information
Data is organized in levels
Characters, fields records, and files

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Figure 11-2 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and
Information
A character is one
byte
Numbers, letters,
space, punctuation
marks, or other
symbols
A field is a
combination of one
or more related
characters
Field name
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Figure 11-3
Databases, Data, and
Information
A record is a group of related fields
A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies
each record
A data file is a collection of related records

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Figure 11-4 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Databases, Data, and
Information
File maintenance refers to the
procedures that keep data current

Modifyi Deletin
Adding
ng g
records
records records

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Databases, Data, and
Information
Validation compares data with a set of
rules or values to find out if the data
meets certain criteria
Alphabetic/Num Consistency
Range check
eric check check

Completeness
Check digit Other checks
check

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File Processing Systems and
Databases
File processing
Database approach
system
Each department has Programs and users
its own set of files share data
Redundant data Reduced data
Isolated data redundancy
Improved data
integrity
Shared data
Easier access
Reduced
Pages 504 - 506
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File Processing Systems and
Databases

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Figure 11-6 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
File Processing Systems and
Databases
Disadvantages of a database approach
Can be more complex than a file processing
system
Require more memory and processing
power
Data can be more vulnerable

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File Processing Systems and
Databases
Web databases offer information about:
Television
Destination
Jobs Travel programmi
s
ng

Local and
Photos Movies Videos national
weather

Sporting Legislative
events information

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File Processing Systems and
Databases

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File Processing Systems and
Databases
A data model defines how users view
the organization of the data

Object- Multidimensio
Relational oriented nal and other
database database database
(OODB) types

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Database Management
Systems
A data dictionary contains data about
each file in the database and each field
in those files

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Figure 11-7 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Database Management
Systems
A DBMS provides several tools that
allow users and programs to retrieve
and maintain
Querydata in the database
language

Query by example

Form

Report writer

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Database Management
Systems
A query is a request for specific data from the
database
A query language consists of simple, English-like
statements that allow users to specify the data to
display, print, store, update, or delete
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a popular
query language that allows users to manage, update,
and retrieve data

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Database Management
Systems
Most DBMSs include query by
example (QBE), a feature that has a
graphical user interface to assist users
with retrieving data

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Figure 11-9 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Database Management
Systems
A form is a window on the screen that
provides areas for entering or modifying data
in a database
A report writer allows users to design a
report on the screen, retrieve data into the
report design, and then display or print the
report

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Figure 11-10 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Database Management
Systems

A DBMS provides
means to ensure that
only authorized users
access data
Access privileges
Principle of least privilege
policy
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23
Database Management
Systems
A DMBS provides a variety of techniques
to restore the database to a usable form
in case it is damaged or destroyed

Backup Log

Continu
Recover
ous
y utility
backup
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System Development

An information system is a collection of

hardware, software, data, people, and
procedures that work together to
produce information
System development is a set of
activities used to build an information
system

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System Development

System development is a set of

activities used to build an
information system
System development
activities are grouped into
phases, and is called the
system development life
cycle (SDLC)
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System Development

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Figure 11-11 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
System Development

System development should follow

three general guidelines:
Group activities into
phases
Involve users

Define standards
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System Development

System development should involve

representatives from each department
in which the proposed system will be
used
A systems analyst is responsible for
designing and developing an
information system

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System Development

Project management is the process of

planning, scheduling, and then controlling the
activities during system development
To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the
project leader identifies the following
elements: Time
Required
Scope estimates for
activities
each activity

Activities that
Cost
Order of can take
estimates for
activities place at the
each activity
same time
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System Development

Popular tools
used to plan
and schedule
the time
relationships
among project
activities are
Gantt and PERT
charts

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Figure 11-12 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
System Development

Feasibility is a measure of how

suitable the development of a system
will be to the organization

Operational Schedule Technical Economic

feasibility feasibility feasibility feasibility

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System Development

Documentation is the collection and

summarization of data, information, and
deliverables
Maintaining up-to-date documentation
should be an ongoing part of system
development

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System Development

During system development, members of the

project team gather data and information

Review
documentati Observe Survey
on

JAD
Interview Sessions Research

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Figure 11-13 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
System Development

The planning phase for a project

begins when the steering committee
receives a project request
Four major activities are performed:

Review and Form a

Prioritize the
approve the Allocate project
project
project resources development
requests
requests team

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System Development

The analysis phase consists of two

major activities:
Conduct a
Perform detailed
preliminary
analysis
investigation
Determines the Study how the
exact nature of current system
the problem or works
improvement Determine the
Interview the user users wants,
who submitted the needs, and
request requirements
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System Development

The system proposal assesses the

feasibility of each alternative solution
The steering committee discusses the
system proposal and decides which
alternative
Modifyto pursue
Buy retail Use web
existing
software apps
system

Build
custom Outsource
software
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System Development

The design phase consists of two

major activities

Develop all of
the details of
Acquire
the new or
hardware and
modified
software
information
system

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System Development

To acquire the necessary hardware and

software:
Solicit vendor Make a
proposals decision

Test and
Identify
evaluate
technical
vendor
specifications
proposals

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System Development

The next step is to develop detailed

design specifications

Input
Databa Progra
and
se m
output
design design
design

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System Development

Systems analysts typically develop two

types of designs for each input and
output Mock-up Layout chart

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Figures 11-15 11-16 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
System Development

A prototype (proof of concept) is a

working model of the proposed systems
essential functionality

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System Development

The purpose of the implementation

phase is to construct the new or
modified system and then deliver it to
users
Install and
Develop Convert to
test the
programs Train users the new
new
and apps system
system

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System Development

Various tests should be performed on

the new system
Systems Integration Acceptance
Unit test
test test test
Verifies Verifies Verifies Checks
that each that all that an the new
individual programs applicatio system to
program in an n works ensure
or object applicatio with other that it
works by n work applicatio works with
itself together ns actual
properly data
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System Development

Training involves showing users exactly

how they will use the new hardware and
software in the system
One-on-one sessions
Classroom-style lectures
Web-based training

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Figure 11-17 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
System Development

One or more of four conversion

strategies can be used to change from
the old system to the new system
Direct conversion
Parallel conversion
Phased conversion
Pilot conversion

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System Development

The purpose of the support and

security phase is to provide ongoing
assistance for an information system
and its users after the system is
implemented Monitor
Perform Assess
system
maintenanc system
performanc
e activities security
e

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Application Development Languages
and Tools

A programming language is a set of

words, abbreviations, and symbols that
enable a software developer to
communicate instructions to a computer
or mobile device
An application development tool
provides a means for creating,
designing, editing, testing, and
distributing programs and apps
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Application Development Languages
and Tools

In a procedural language, the

programmer writes instructions using
English-like words that tell the computer
what to accomplish and how to do it

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Application Development Languages
and Tools

The C programming language is used to

write many of todays programs

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Figure 11-18 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools

A compiler
converts the entire
source program to An interpreter
machine language translates and
before executing it executes one
instruction at a time

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Application Development Languages
and Tools

Compiler Interpreter

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Figures 11-19 11-20 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools

An object-oriented programming (OOP)

language allows system developers to
implement objects in a program
Other advantages include:Developers
Objects can be create
reused applications
faster

Most object-
oriented
application
development
tools are IDEs
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Application Development Languages
and Tools

Java is an object-oriented programming

language developed by Sun Microsystems

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Figure 11-21 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools

C++ is an extension of the C

programming language
Additional features for working with objects
Visual Studio is Microsofts suite of
object-oriented application development
tools that assists software developers in
building programs and apps for
Windows or any operating system that
supports the Microsoft .NET Framework
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Application Development Languages
and Tools

A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a

nonprocedural language that enables
users and software developers to access
data in a database
One popular 4GL is SQL

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Application Development Languages
and Tools

Classic programming languages include:

BASIC COBOl

FORTR
RPG
AN
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Application Development Languages
and Tools

An application generator is a program that

creates source code or machine code from a
specification of the required functionality
Often bundled as part of a DBMS
A macro is a series of statements that instructs
a program or app how to complete a task
You usually create the macro in one of two
ways:
Record the macro
Write the macro

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Application Development Languages
and Tools

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Figure 11-22 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools

HTML is a special formatting language

that software developers use to format
documents for display on the web

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Figure 11-23 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Application Development Languages
and Tools

XML allows web developers to create

tags that describe the structure of
information
WML is a subset of XML and is used to
design pages specifically for microbrowsers

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Application Development Languages
and Tools

Software developers write scripts,

applets, servlets, or ActiveX controls
using a variety of languages

JavaScri
pt Perl PHP

Python Ruby
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Application Development Languages
and Tools

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Figure 11-24 publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summary
Hierarchy of data, ways
System development
to validate data, the
phases and the
advantages of the
guidelines for system
database versus the file
development, along
processing approach,
with activities that
and characteristics of
occur during system
database management
development
systems

Various programming
languages and Variety of web
application development tools
development tools

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 Discovering Computers 2016
Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 11
Building
Solutions
Chapter 11