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CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION Kakay

This document defines and explains categorical propositions. A categorical proposition makes a direct statement about the relationship between a subject and predicate term. There are four standard forms of categorical propositions defined by their quantity (universal or particular) and quality (affirmative or negative): A propositions are universal affirmative, E propositions are universal negative, I propositions are particular affirmative, and O propositions are particular negative. The document also discusses the distribution of terms, opposition between propositions, and mnemonic devices for remembering distribution.

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Erikson Morales
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52 views33 pages

CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION Kakay

This document defines and explains categorical propositions. A categorical proposition makes a direct statement about the relationship between a subject and predicate term. There are four standard forms of categorical propositions defined by their quantity (universal or particular) and quality (affirmative or negative): A propositions are universal affirmative, E propositions are universal negative, I propositions are particular affirmative, and O propositions are particular negative. The document also discusses the distribution of terms, opposition between propositions, and mnemonic devices for remembering distribution.

Uploaded by

Erikson Morales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

No man is perfect.
Death is certain.
No athletes are vegetarians.

THE CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

Is one which gives a direct assertion or


agreement or disagreement between
the subject term and the predicate
term.
Also called assertoric proposition.
It is called categorical because it
directly declares something
unconditionally.

ELEMENTS OF A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

Subject term is that about something


is affirmed or denied
Predicate term is that which is
affirmed or denied by the subject term.
Copula is the linking verb is or is not
(am, am not, are, are not, was, was not,
were, were not) expressing the
agreement or disagreement between the
subject term and the predicate term.

Surveyors are professionals


All senators are politicians
Hydrostatics is the branch of fluid
mechanics
Cats are members of the mammal
family

A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION MAY


BE
Singular
Laureen is an Engineer
Particular
Some people are engineers
Universal
All man is an engineer
Collective
All engineers occupy the yard

THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE


CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION IS
THE SUBJECT-COPULA-PREDICATE
FORM OR S-COPULA-P

REDUCTION TO LOGICAL
STRUCTURE
Mario loves Maria
Mario is a lover of Maria
Butterflies fly
Butterflies are flying beings
Engineers designs building
Egineers are designers of building

QUALITY

The quality of a proposition consists in the


nature of the proposition as either
affirmative or negative.

Surveying is part of civil engineering


Surveying is not part of civil engineering
That today is not Friday is untrue
Dishonest men are untrustworthy
Not to study now is to regret later

QUANTITY

The quantity of a proposition consists in


the nature of the proposition as either
universal or particular.

Some surveyors are engineers.


Surveyors are engineers.

FOUR STANDARD FORMS OF


CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

A UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
Indicated by the words like all, every, each,
everyone, everything, anything,
everybody, etc., which are called
quantifiers.
All Filipinos are Orientals.
General statements and singular
propositions are considered A propositions.
Life is a mystery
Love is powerful

E UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
Indicated by the words like no, no one,
none, nobody, nothing, etc.
No Filipinos are Orientals
General statements and singular
propositions whose copula is negative are
regarded as universal negative propositions.
Love is not blind
Life is not a joke

I PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
Indicated by such words as some,
someone, something, somebody,
several, a few, with an affirmative
copula.
Some Filipinos are Orientals.

O PARTICULAR NEGATIVE
Indicated by the words like some,
someone, something, somebody with a
negative copula.
Some Filipinos are not Orientals.

The letter names from Latin words


AfIrmo and nEgO.
I affirm and I negate

All engineers are creative


No engineers are creative
Some engineers are creative
Some engineers are not creative

All politicians are liars


No politicians are liars
Some politicians are liars
Some politicians are not liars

TER
M

Proposition Form

Quantity

Quality

ALL S IS P

UNIVERSAL

AFFIRMATIVE

NO S IS P

UNIVERSAL

NEGATIVE

SOME S IS P

PARTICULAR

AFFIRMATIVE

SOME S IS NOT
P
NOT ALL S IS P
ALL S IS NOT P
S IS NOT ALL P

PARTICULAR

NEGATIVE

THE SQUARE OF OPPOSITION


Contrary opposition one which
exists between two universal
propositions that differ in quality.
Example
A and E.
All books are written by Stephen King.
No books are written by Stephen King.
1.

2. Contradictory oppositions one


which exists between two
propositions that differ in both
quality and quantity.
Example
A and O
E and I
All logic books are interesting books.
Some logic books are not interesting
books.

3. Subaltern opposition one which exists


between two propositions that differ in
quantity.
Affirmative subalterns A and I
All bananas are fruit. Therefore, some bananas
are fruit
Negative subalterns - E and O
No humans are reptiles. Therefore, some
humans are not reptiles.
Subalternant universal subaltern
Subalternate particular subaltern

4. Subcontrary opposition one


which exists between two particular
propositions that differ in quality.
Example
O and I ; one is negative and the other
is affirmative
Some dogs are cocker spaniels.
Some dogs are not cocker spaniels.

THE DISTRIBUTION (QUANTITY) OF THE SUBJECT TERM


AND THE PREDICATE TERM

Distribution is a property of terms, not


propositions.
A term is said to be distributed if the
proposition makes an assertion about every
member of the class denoted by the term;
otherwise, it is undistributed. In other words,
a term is distributed if and only if the
statement assigns (or distributes) an attribute
to every member of the class denoted by the
term.

ALL S ARE P

S is distributed (Universal) and P is not


(Particular). In other words for any (A)
proposition, the subject term, whatever it
may be, is distributed (Universal) and the
predicate term is undistributed (Particular).

NO S ARE P

Both the subject and the predicate terms


of universal negative (E) propositions are
distributed (universal).

SOME S ARE P

In the particular affirmative (I), neither S


or P is distributed (universal).

SOME S ARE NOT P

In the particular negative (O) proposition,


P is distributed (universal) and S is
undistributed (particular).

SUMMARIZING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TERMS A, E,


I, AND O WE HAVE THE FOLLOWING:

1. The subject of all universal proposition


is always universal.
A: All Su is Pp
E: No Su is Pu
2. The subject of all particular
propositions is always particular.
I: Some Sp is Pp
O: Some Sp is not Pu

3. The predicate of negative propositions


is always universal.
E: No Su is Pu
O: Some Sp is not Pu
4. The predicate of affirmative
propositions is always particular.
A: All Su is Pp
I: No Sp is Pp

MNEMONIC DEVICES FOR DISTRIBUTION

Unprepared Students Never Pass


Universals distribute Subjects.
Negatives distribute Predicates.

Any Student Earning Bs Is Not On Probation

A distributes Subject.
E distributes Both.
I distributes Neither.
O distributes Predicate.

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