Routing
ENGR. NERIZA V. BUSTILLO,
MPA, MIT
Router storage areas
ROM
Flash
Permanent
Keeps
Holds
POST, boot
instructions, basic IOS
contents
Holds IOS image
NVRAM
RAM
Keeps
Volatile
contents
Holds startup
configuration file
Holds
runnning config,
tables, queues etc
Router IOS modes
User EXEC mode
enable
disable
+ password
Privileged EXEC mode
Configure terminal
Exit or Ctrl+z
Global Configuration mode
Exit
End
Specific Configuration modes
Router prompts
User EXEC mode
Router>
Privileged EXEC mode
Router#
Global Configuration mode
Specific Configuration modes
Router(config)#
Router(config-if)#
and others
EXEC modes
You
log in to User EXEC mode
Router>
You can give basic monitoring commands
but cannot change the configuration
Enter enable to go to Privileged EXEC
mode
Router#
Password may be used for security
You can give more commands and can go
to configuration modes
Configuration modes
Start
in privileged EXEC mode and enter
the configure terminal (config t)
command
Router# config t
Router(config)#
The prompt changes
This is global configuration mode
Additional commands take you to interface
configuration, router configuration etc.
Leaving configuration modes
From interface configuration mode there
are several ways of getting to privileged
EXEC
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# exit
Router#
Router(config-if)# end
Router#
Router(config-if)# Ctrl+z
Router#
? To get help
?
Gives a list of commands available
from the current prompt.
Command followed by space then ?
Gives a list of keywords or arguments
that can be used.
Start of command followed by ? with no
space shows how the word can be
continued.
Shortened commands
Router#show
running-config
Router#show run
Router#sh ru
It needs enough letters of each word to
be unambiguous. (Tab key shows whole
word)
Router#s ru
% Ambiguous command: s
Other error messages
Switch#clock
set
% Incomplete command
Switch#clock set [Link] 25 6
% Invalid input detected at ^ marker
Router#show runming-config
% Invalid input detected at ^ marker
Keyboard shortcuts
Tab
completes a partial command
Backspace erases to left of cursor
Ctrl+D erases at cursor (Delete does
not)
Ctrl+Z
returns from any config mode
to privileged exec mode
Ctrl+C
leave Setup mode
Show commands
Show
? To get a list
Many different show commands to give
information about every aspect of the
router and its operation
We use some of the most common.
General show commands
Show
running-config shows the
configuration file from RAM
Show startup-config shows the saved
configuration file from NVRAM
Show version gives information about
the IOS and the router itself. It shows
the configuration register, which
controls how the router starts up.
Show interfaces
Gives
statistics for all interfaces
In particular, says if the interface is up
and if the protocol is up important in
troubleshooting.
Show interfaces serial 0/0 to show
one selected interface
You can shorten to show int s 0/0
Show ip interfaces gives IP statistics
Save configuration
Router#copy running-config startupconfig
Router#copy run start (shortened)
Router#wr (Old fashioned, short for
write, but it works and is safe.)
Beware! A typing error in the copy
command can delete the operating
system. If you get an odd message about
Flash hands off call for help.
Hostname
Router>enable
Router#config
t
Router(config)#hostname Paris
Paris(config)#
Configure a suitable hostname so that
you know which router you are
managing and so that you can identify it
in network documentation.
Console password
Paris(config)#line
con 0
Paris(config-line)#password cisco
Paris(config-line)#login
Paris(config-line)#exit
Restricts access via the console
Use cisco as the password in labs.
Use a proper strong password on
production networks
Vty password for Telnet
Paris(config)#line
vty 0 4
Paris(config-line)#password cisco
Paris(config-line)#login
Paris(config-line)#exit
Allows and restricts access via 5 vty
lines
Use cisco as the password in labs.
Use a proper strong, different password
on production networks
Enable and enable secret
Paris(config)#enable
secret class
The password class is needed when you
type enable to enter privileged exec mode
This password is encrypted
Paris(config)#enable password cisco
Not encrypted, used on older routers
If you configure both, then only the enable
secret is used.
Message of the day
Paris(config)#banner
motd # No
unauthorised access #
# is a delimiter to show where the
message starts and ends.
Any character can be used as long as it
does not appear in the message.
The message should make it clear that
unauthorised access is forbidden.
Reload
Shuts
down the router and then starts it
again.
If the configuration has changed then
you are prompted to save it.
The running configuration in RAM is lost.
The startup configuration from NVRAM is
(usually) loaded into RAM on startup.
Configure a router interface
Paris(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
Paris(config-if)#ip address [Link]
[Link]
Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
Paris(config-if)#exit
Interface names vary, depending on whether
the router is modular and on the bandwidth.
E.g. interface Ethernet 0 on an older router
Configure a router interface
Paris(config)#interface
serial 0/0
Paris(config-if)#ip address
[Link] [Link]
(Paris(config-if)#clock rate 64000)
Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
Paris(config-if)#exit
Description
Paris(config)#interface fa0/0
Paris(config-if)#description Connects
to Paris central switch
Can include circuit and contact
information
Not needed for the operation of the router
Valuable for documentation as it is
included in the configuration listing
Default gateway
Each PC is configured with an IP address
and a default gateway.
The default gateway is the IP address of
a router port on the same network as the
PC.
It is the routers job to handle messages
to other networks.
Each router port is on a different network
and has a different IP address
Hops
A
packet may pass through many
routers on its journey.
The trip from one router to the next is
called a hop and the next router is
called the next hop router.
Each router looks at the IP address in
the packet header and decides what to
do with the packet next.
Routing table and forwarding
Each router has a routing table. This contains
a list of known networks and the best way to
get there outgoing port and address of nexthop router.
The router looks at the IP address of a packet.
It decides which network this address is on.
If it knows the network it forwards the packet.
If it does not know the network it drops the
packet.
Routing table and forwarding
Each router has a routing table. This contains
a list of known networks and the best way to
get there outgoing port and address of nexthop router.
The router looks at the IP address of a packet.
It decides which network this address is on.
If it knows the network it forwards the packet.
If it does not know the network it drops the
packet.
Configure a static route
R1(config)#ip
route [Link] [Link]
[Link]
Give the next hop address
R1(config)#ip route [Link] [Link]
Serial 0/0
Or give the exit interface
Delete a static route
R1(config)#no
ip route [Link]
[Link] serial 0/0
Give the same command again with no
in front.
Most commands can be reversed like
this.
Directly connected
The
networks of the routers own
interfaces go into the routing table
Other networks
Routes
to other networks can be
configured by an administrator (static
routes)
Or they can be learned from another
router using a routing protocol (dynamic
routes)
A router can have a default route.
Packets for unknown networks go on this
route instead of being dropped.
Routing table entries
Directly connected shown by C
Routing table entries
Static, configured by administrator,
shown by S
Routing table entries
Learned from another router using RIP
routing protocol, shown by R
