ADDITIONAL SCIENCE
FORM 5
CHAPTER 8: BIOTECHNOLOGY
8.1 FERMENTATION
Cells need to respire because they
need
energy to carry out processes in
our body.
Energy required by our body is in
the form of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
8.1 FERMENTATION
Cell
respiration
Part 1
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
and a small amount of energy is
released
Glucose
2 molecules of
pyruvate
molecules of ATP
Part 2 (with oxygen)
- Aerobic respiration
occurs
- Produced 38 ATP
molecules per
2
Part 2 (without
oxygen)
- Anaerobic
respiration
(fermentation) occurs
- Produced 2 ATP
8.1 FERMENTATION
Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
- Occurs in muscles of animals
when oxygen is scarce during
strenuous exercise in which
pyruvate is broken down into lactic
acid
- Some bacteria convert lactose
into lactic acid
Pyruvate
Lactic acid
Ethanol fermentation
- Occurs in yeast
- Pyruvate is broken down into
ethanol and carbon dioxide
Pyruvate
Ethanol
Carbon dioxide
8.1 FERMENTATION
Fermentation is used in food and
pharmaceutical industry on a
Industry
Explanation
large scale.Use
Food
Bread making
Carbon dioxide released
from ethanol fermentation
Vinegar
production
Acetobacter species of
bacteria oxidises ethanol to
ethanoic acid, water and
energy
Wine production
Ethanol produced from
ethanol fermentation is used
to make wine
Yoghurt and
cheese
production
Lactic acid produced from
lactic acid
fermentation is used to
8.1 FERMENTATION
Industry
Use
Explanation
Pharmaceuti
cal
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are complex
organic material synthesised
by fungi that kill or prevent
bacterial growth. It works
by:
(i) Preventing cell wall
formation
(ii) Causing cell lysis
(iii)Inhibiting bacterial
growth
Vaccines
Vaccines are solutions that
contain weakened or dead
pathogen injected into the
body to stimulate the
immune system to produce
antibodies to fight diseases
8.1 FERMENTATION
Antibiotics kill or inhibit
bacterial growth
8.1 FERMENTATION
Yoghurt is produced through
fermentation of
milk by the action of lactic acid bacteria,
Lactobacillus bulgaricus and
Streptococcus
Pasteurised milk is first heat-treated (at 90 C for 20 minutes) to coagulate the
milk protein
thermophilus.
The milk is then homogenised, cooled and inoculated with a starter culture of 2
bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus
The mixture is then incubated at about 46 C for up to 6 hours
The product is cooled before packaging
8.2 TISSUE CULTURE
Tissue culture is the culture of living tissue,
removed from the body in a suitable nutrient
medium with oxygen.
Tissue culture technology is based on the
theory of totipotency which means the
ability of a single cell to develop into a whole
organism.
8.2 TISSUE CULTURE
Traditionally, plants reproduce
by means of
seeds (sexual reproduction) or
organs other
than seeds (vegetative
reproduction). These
organs are usually stems, leaves
or roots.
Plants reproduced from seeds
may not have
8.2 TISSUE CULTURE
Plants that grow by vegetative reproduction
do not have disadvantages of plants that
grow
by seeds. However, these plants grow at a
slower rate and need more space. Therefore,
scientists have developed plant tissue
culture
to overcome the disadvantages of both
sexual and vegetative reproduction.
Plantlets transferred
to soil and kept in a
controlled environment
until fully grown
Callus develops into
plantlets
Callus develops from
explant cells
Explant tissue cultured
in sterile nutrient
medium
Step
4
Step
3
Step
2
Step
1
Steps in plant tissue culture
8.2 TISSUE CULTURE
8.2 TISSUE CULTURE
Advantages of tissue culture
Disadvantages of tissue
culture
Plants can be grown in large
All plants have the same
quantities in a relatively short genetic make up, therefore
time
they are vulnerable to the
same types of pests or
diseases
Less space is needed and
conditions can be controlled
No chance of new
advantageous characteristics
arising randomly
All new plants inherit the
same desirable
characteristics, suitable for
commercial planting
No variation
New plants are uniform in
size and shape and are
genetically identical
8.2 TISSUE CULTURE
Cloning is the process of producing
organism
which is derived from a single cell of its
parent and therefore genetically
identical to it.
Two types of cloning:
(i) Natural cloning
- Happens in simpler organisms
- Example: Amoeba reproduce by binary
fission
8.2 TISSUE CULTURE
Binary
fission
8.2 TISSUE CULTURE
(ii) Artificial cloning
- Cloning an organism
- Example: Dolly, the sheep was
the first
mammal to be cloned
8.2 TISSUE CULTURE
The cloning procedures
of Dolly
8.3 GENETIC ENGINEERING
A gene is a segment of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acid) that codes for a specific protein,
therefore acts as the basic unit of
inheritance.
Genetic engineering is defined as the
process
of transferring gene from the DNA of an
organism into the DNA of target organism.
8.3 GENETIC ENGINEERING
A schematic diagram
of gene
8.3 GENETIC ENGINEERING
Production of insulin
- The insulin gene in
human DNA is removed
and inserted into the
DNA of bacterial cells.
Bacterial cells which
carry the human insulin
gene are cultured in
nutrient medium to
produce insulin
Production of
genetically-modified
crops
- The traits most
introduced into crops
are resistance to
herbicide, pests and
diseases
Application of
genetic
engineering
8.3 GENETIC ENGINEERING
Insulin production using genetic
engineering
8.3 GENETIC ENGINEERING
Production of genetically-modified crops using
genetic engineering
8.4 BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology is defined as the
application of
organisms or biological processes in the
manufacturing and servicing industries
to
produce valuable materials such as those
used
in medicine and food industry.
8.4 BIOTECHNOLOGY
Uses of
biotechnology
Food industry
Increase food
production and
nutritional
content of food
Medicine
Production of
antibiotics and
vaccines
Services
project
Cleaning up oil
spills using
bacteria which
breaks down oil
Agriculture
industry
Increase crop
yield and
produce crops
which are
resistant to
pests and
diseases
8.4 BIOTECHNOLOGY
Video on cleaning of oil spill using
bacteria:
