Hardware in Computer Aided Design
Haider Ali
Layout
Configuration of Stand-alone CAD System
Design Workstation
Graphics Terminals
Input Devices
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Output Devices
Secondary Storage
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Configuration of Stand-alone CAD System
Design Workstations (One or more)
A graphics terminal
Operator input devices
Output Devices (One or more)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Secondary Storage
Secondary Storage
CPU
Graphics Terminal
Input Devices
Output
Devices
3
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Design Workstations
It must accomplish following five functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Typical Interactive Graphics workstation has
.
.
Interface with the central processing unit
Generate a steady graphic image for the user
Provide digital descriptions of the graphic image
Translate computer commands into operating
functions
Facilitate communication between the user and
the system
A graphics terminal
Operator input devices
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Image Generation in Computer Graphics
Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided Design
Color and Animation in Computer Graphics
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Image generation in computer graphics
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) as graphics terminal
Two Basic techniques
Stroke Writing or line drawing, random position,
vector writing
Raster Scan or digital TV, Scan graphics
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Image generation in computer graphics
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) as graphics terminal
Two Basic techniques
Stroke Writing
Electron beam acts as a pencil
Creates lines segments by moving the beam from one
point to other
Picture is composed of lines only
Smooth curves can be approximated by using short line
segments
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Image generation in computer graphics
Two Basic techniques
Stroke Writing or line drawing, random position,
vector writing
Raster Scan or digital TV, Scan graphics
Phosphor discrete picture elements (pixels); usually
square elements
Ranges from 256x256 = 65,000 to 1024x1024 =
1,000,000 points
Beam sweep the screen in lines from one end to other
Jumps to next start up line after sweeping in first line
Sweeps entire screen at rate of 30 fps to 60 fps
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Image generation in computer graphics
Factors affecting the graphics terminal
performance and effectiveness
Type of Phosphor Coating on the screen
Color requirement
Pixel Density
Amount of Computer memory required to
generate the picture
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided
Design
10
Directed Beam Refresh
Direct view storage tube (DVST)
Raster scan (digital TV)
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided
Design
Directed Beam Refresh
11
Stroke writing approach to generate the image
Phosphor coating has short time capacity for holding
the brightness
Refresh: Image is retraced continuously by applying the
beam to the screen
Useful for playing animations
Oldest of all methods
Direct view storage tube (DVST)
Raster scan (digital TV)
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided
Design
Directed Beam Refresh
Direct view storage tube (DVST)
12
Stroke writing approach to generate the image
Increase the ability of the screen to retain the image
Using electron flood gun to light the pixels
Resulting image is flicker free
Lowest cost/Being used in many applications
Cannot remove individual lines
Total picture will be changed whenever required
Raster scan (digital TV)
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided
Design
Directed Beam Refresh
Direct view storage tube (DVST)
Raster scan (digital TV)
Digital Signals are used to generate the picture on the
CRT screen
Intensity of input beam is either ON or OFF / Illuminated
or Dark
Quality can be increased by
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Increasing the pixel density from 256x256 to 1024x1024
Adding color of grayscale: 5 to 6 bits are required for
grayscale
For color picture: 3 times more bits for storage are required
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided Design
Comparison
Sr.
Directed
No
Beam
DVST
Raster Scan
.
Refresh
1
Image
Generation
Stroke
Writing
Stroke
Writing
Raster Scan
Picture Quality
Excellent
Excellent
Moderate to
good
Data Content
Limited
High
High
Selective Erase
Yes
No
Yes
Gray Scale
Yes
No
Yes
Color Capability
Moderate
No
Yes
Animation
Capability
Yes
No
Moderate
14
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
Color and Animation in Computer
Graphics
Different colors for different components
Color CRT uses three electron beams
15
Red, Blue, Green
Focuses three beams on a point to get
required color
Difficult in Stroke-writing tube: difficult to
focus
More color advancements in Raster Scan
Approach
Pixels are made colored by beam of light
A pixel require 24 bits of memory for colorful
of Mechanical 9/30/16
representation Department
Engineering, WEC
LCD vs. LED
LCD
16
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
LCD
17
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
LED
18
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
The Graphics Terminal
19
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Input Devices
Mainly three types if input devices
1. Cursor Control Devices
2. Digitizers
3. Alphanumeric and other keyboard terminals
. Cursor Control Devices and Digitizers are
mainly used
. Two Basic type of interactions with these
devices
20
Creating and positioning new items on the CRT
screen
Pointing at or otherwise identifying locations on
the screen, usually associated with existing
Department of Mechanical 9/30/16
images
Engineering, WEC
Cursor Control Devices
21
Thumbwheels
Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
Joysticks
Tracker ball
Light pen
Electronic tablet/pen
1st four gives cursor control without direct
contact
Last two give control via touching the CRT
screen
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Cursor Control Devices
Thumbwheels
22
Two wheels
One for horizontal and 2nd for vertical control
Intersection of two gives the required coordinate
Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
Joysticks
Tracker ball
Light pen
Electronic tablet/pen
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Cursor Control Devices
Thumbwheels
Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
23
Usually used for the movement in 4 axis of the
cursor
Right, Left, Up, Down
Joysticks
Tracker ball
Light pen
Electronic tablet/pen
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Cursor Control Devices
Thumbwheels
Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
Joysticks
24
Basic concept: From the control panel of Jet
Planes
Used in games
Integral part of CRT screens
Tracker ball
Light pen
Electronic tablet/pen
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Cursor Control Devices
Thumbwheels
Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
Joysticks
Tracker ball
25
A ball with touch sensitive surface
Move the cursor via rolling the ball on the pad
Originated the concept of ball mouse
And then laser mouse
Light pen
Electronic tablet/pen
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Cursor Control Devices
Thumbwheels
Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
Joysticks
Tracker ball
Light pen
Not used for writing purposes
Used to determine the coordinates from the
screen
Useful for refresh type CRT
26
Every time detects the change in position
Time sequence is so short that it is like
Electronic tablet/pen
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Cursor Control Devices
Thumbwheels
Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
Joysticks
Tracker ball
Light pen
Electronic tablet/pen
27
Selecting from function menu
Drawing on screen or making strokes on the
screen or tablet which indicate what image is to
be drawn
Selecting a portion of the screen for enlargement
of an existing image
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Digitizers
Digitizes the hard form of a document to save
in soft form
Gives the coordinates of the drawing that will
be scanned here
28
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Keyboard Terminals
Alphanumeric terminal: depending upon the
type of requirements
Soft Copy: Used in computers
Hard form: Type writers
Function keys vary from 8 to 80
Now a days touch pads are being used
29
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
30
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Instruction Set Low-Level Commands
Registers store Instruction Set
Program containing necessary set of
instructions resides in memory
Its location specified by program counter to
CPU
Instructions are in form of low level command
called instruction set which consists of:
1. Instructions for moving the memory
contents,
2. Performing arithmetic & Logic operations,
3. Other miscellaneous
commands
31
Department of Mechanical 9/30/16
Engineering, WEC
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A CPU fabricated as single IC (chip)
Microprocessor.
Instructions from memory for execution
Done by Controller
Controller directs ALU
ALU performs arithmetic operations
Operands/results stored in registers
Operations associated with registers done at
highest possible speed
8, 16, 32 bits registers
32
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Microprocessor
A PCB consisting of a number of devices (chips)
What does 4, 16, 32 bit mean? Length of a
word
Greater length means faster program
execution
Address tells the location of data/instructions
in memory
Width of address specifies maximum amount
of memory locations that a microprocessor
can directly address
16 bit is 2^16 locations, i.e. 65536
Speed of microprocessor System clock
33
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Managing the design workstations (operator
inputs, editing etc.)
Directing plotters in the generation of
engineering drawings
Copying data currently on disk onto other
media
Reading data from other media like magnetic
tapes for revision or editing
Transmitting data to and from the other larger
computers
34
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Computers are comparatively less expensive
due to cheaper electronics
Design Workstation
Host
Computer
CPU for CAD
System
Design Workstation
Peripheral
s
35
Output
Plotters etc.
Design Workstation
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Output Devices
Pen Plotters
Hard Copy Units
Electrostatic plotters
36
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Output Devices
Pen Plotters
37
Pen writes the required data on a paper
Drum Plotters
Flat-bed Plotters
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Output Devices
Pen Plotters
Pen writes the required data on a paper
Drum Plotters
38
Relative motion is achieved by circular motion of drum
and linear motion of pen on the drum
Fast and can make drawings of virtually unlimited
length
Width ranges from 8.5 to 42
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Output Devices
Pen Plotters
Flat Bed Plotters
39
More expensive than Drum Plotters
Writing head can move in x,y-direction
Bed of plotter vary from 5ft to 20ft
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Output Devices
Hard-copy Unit
40
Used to print the data on a paper for hard form
documentation
Light sensitive pages are used for printing purpose
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Output Devices
Electrostatic Plotters
41
Normally used printers
Electrostatic charges are used for printing the
paper
Data should be in raster format (because to
production of raster was with electron flood gun)
Laser and inkjet printers
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Memory Types
42
ROM Read Only Memory
PROM Programmable Read Only Memory
EPROM Erasable Programmable ROM
EEPROM Electrically Erasable and
programmable ROM
RAM Random Access Memory
Flash Memory
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
Secondary Storage
USB Flash drive
Diskette Drive
Portable Hard drive
Magnetic Tapes
43
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
44
Department of Mechanical
Engineering, WEC
9/30/16
