COMPUTER

SYSTEM
The Introduction

O bjectives

To describe the meaning of computer

system.
To describe the structure and function of
computer.
To classify the computer
To state the evolution and history of
computer development

COMPUTER
Latin word
calculate.

Computare

which

means

Computer is a machine that only can execute

instructions that given by the user and operate
the data base on the related instruction. The
computer will process the data to produce
information.

Structure & Function

Structure is the way how each

component/unit of computer
communicates to each other.
Function is refers to the

operation of each component

which include in a structure.
4

C om puter Structure
Peripherals
(peranti persisian)

Computer
Central
Processing
Unit

Computer

Communication
Lines ( talian komunikasi)

Main
Memory

Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output

The main components / units of

computer
Input/Output (I/O)
To move data and information between computer and external
environement.

Main Memory
To keep data during process.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

To process data and control the computer operations.

System Interconnection (Control Unit)

The mechanism which is use to communicate between CPU, main
memory and I/O.
6

CPUs:the heart ofcom puting system s

1980
It took 10 of these boards to
make a Central Processing Unit

2000
You can see why they called
this CPU a microprocessor!

Data
- raw fact
- 5 data types :
1.
2.
3.
4.

Text : alphabetic, numeric, special symbol

Graphics : picture
Audio : any kind of sound
Video : a series of photographed frame which record the
real movement.
5. Animation : a series of image which is displayed one by
one to produce a movement illusion.

Information
- data that has been processed and contains
meaning.
8

C om puter Function

main functions of computer :

Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control

C om puter Function
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus

Control
Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility

10

D ata M ovem ent

Ex : keyboard to monitor
Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus

Control
Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility

11

D ata Storage
Ex : download from internet to disk

Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus

Control
Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility
12

D ata P rocessing
Ex : mengemaskini penyata bank melibatkan
pemprosesan dari/ke storan.

Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus

Control
Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility

13

D ata P rocessing
Ex : mencetak penyata bank melibatkan pemprosean dari storan ke I/O.

Data
Storage
Facility
Data
Movement
Apparatus

Control
Mechanism

Data
Processing
Facility

14

COMPUTER
SYSTEM ?

15

Computer System

Basically it is divided into :

1. Computer Architecture
2. Computer Organization

16

A rchitecture & O rganization

Architecture

Organization

The connection of the

The computer attribute
sources of computer
which can be
hardware.
recognized by
programmer.
Including the
integration between
This attribute has a
systems.
direct effect to the
program execution
The communication
such as instruction set,
flow control between
data representation,
the physical
addressing and I/O.
component.

17

Ex : A rchitecture & O rganisation

All Intel x86 family share the same

basic architecture .
Similarly, the family of systems IBM /
370 share the same basic architecture .
Same family provides compatibility
code .
However, different organizations from
one family version to another computer.

18

Computer Classification
Based on :

CPU speed
The number of register inside the CPU
The word size
Main memory size (RAM)
Complexity Sistem Pengendalian
Physical size
Cost
Cyber Memory Space
Secondary memory size
The multiple-programming degree
19

Com puter Classifi

cation
microcomputer system (PC)
minicomputer system
mainframe system
supercomputer system

20

M icrocom puter
Introduced on

1970.
Based on
microprocessor
technology.

21

M inicom puter
Able to execute arithmetic function and

basic logic and supports the number of

programming language for enormous
computer.
The size is smaller than a main frame.
Suitable for the processing task which
doesnt need the huge date access.

22

M ain fram e
Bigger then minicomputer.
The processing capability is

higher than minicomputer.

Very suitable to operate the
gigantic database which
needs a central
management.
Always used by big
company and government.
Ex. : KWSP & bank.

23

Supercom puter
The highest processing

capability.
Able to execute million of
instructions per second (MIPS).
Suitable for huge calculation
which includes the big value
and needs kejituan.
Ex: Aerospace & nuclear

24

Tw o pillars ofCom puting

1. Universal Computing Devices
Given enough time and memory, all computers

are capable of computing exactly the same

things (irrespective of speed, size or cost).
Turings Thesis: every computation can be
performed by some Turing Machine - a
theoretical universal computing device

25

Big Idea # 1:UniversalCom puting D evice

=
PDA

=
Workstation

Supercomputer

26

Turing M achine
Mathematical model of a device that can perform

any computation Alan Turing (1937)

ability to read/write symbols on an infinite tape
state transitions, based on current state and
symbol
Every computation can be performed by some
Turing machine. (Turings thesis)

a,b

Tadd

a+b

a,b

Turing machine that adds

For more info about Turing machines, see
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine/

Tmul

ab

Turing machine that multiplies

For more about Alan Turing, see
http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/
27

U niversalTuring M achine
A machine that can implement all Turing machines

-- this is also a Turing machine!

inputs: data, plus a description of computation
(other TMs)

Tadd, Tmul
a,b,c

c(a+b)

Universal Turing Machine

U is programmable so is a computer!
instructions are part of the input data
a computer can emulate a Universal Turing Machine

A computer is a universal computing device.

28

From Theory to Practice

In theory, computer can compute

anything thats possible to compute

given enough memory and time

In practice, solving problems involves

computing under constraints.

Time - weather forecast, next frame of
animation, ...
Cost - cell phone, automotive engine controller,
...
Power - cell phone, handheld video game, ...

29

Tw o pillars ofCom puting (cont)

2. Problem Transformation
The ultimate objective is to transform a

problem expressed in natural language

into electrons running around a circuit!
Thats what Computer Science and
Computer Engineering are all about: a
continuum that embraces software &
hardware.

30

Big Idea # 2:Transform ations Betw een Layers

Problems
Algorithms
Language
Instruction Set Architecture
Microarchitecture
Circuits
Devices
31

P roblem Transform ation

- levels of abstraction
The desired behavior:
the application

Natural Language
Algorithm
Program
Machine Architecture
Micro-architecture
Logic Circuits

The building blocks:

electronic devices

Devices

32

H ow do w e solve a problem using a

com puter?
A systematic sequence of transformations between

layers of abstraction.
Problem
Problem
Software Design:
choose algorithms and data structures
Algorithm
Algorithm
Programming:
use language to express design
Program
Program
Instr
Instr Set
Set
Architecture
Architecture

Compiling/Interpreting:
convert language to
machine instructions
33

D eeper and D eeper

Instr
InstrSet
Set
Architecture
Architecture

Microarch
Microarch

Circuits
Circuits

Devices
Devices

Processor Design:
choose structures to implement ISA
Logic/Circuit Design:
gates and low-level circuits to
implement components
Process Engineering & Fabrication:
develop and manufacture
lowest-level components
34

D escriptions ofEach Level

Problem Statement
stated using "natural language"
may be ambiguous, imprecise
Algorithm
step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish
definiteness, effective computability, finiteness
Program
express the algorithm using a computer language
high-level language, low-level language
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) (Machine Level 1)
specifies the set of instructions the computer can perform
data types, addressing mode

35

D escriptions ofEach Level(cont.)

Microarchitecture (Machine Level 1)
detailed organization of a processor implementation
different implementations of a single ISA
Logic Circuits (Machine Level 2)
combine basic operations to realize

microarchitecture
many different ways to implement a single function
(e.g., addition)
Devices (Machine Level 2)
properties of materials, manufacturability

36

M any Choices at Each Level

Solve a system of equations
Red-black SOR

FORTRAN
PowerPC
Centrino

C++

Java

Intel x86

Atmel AVR

Pentium 4

Xeon

Ripple-carry adder
CMOS

Jacobi
iteration

Gaussian
elimination

Bipolar

Multigrid

Tradeoffs:
cost
performance
power
(etc.)

Carry-lookahead adder
GaAs
37

The P rogram Level

Most computers run a

management program called

the operating system (OS).
Application programs
interface to the machine
architecture via the OS.

An example:

Application Program
Operating System

Program (Software)

This lecture

Data

PowerPoint

Application Program

Windows XP

Operating System
38

Course O utline
Bits and Bytes
How do we represent information using electrical signals?

Digital Logic
How do we build circuits to process information?

Processor and Instruction Set

How do we build a processor out of logic elements?
What operations (instructions) will we implement?

Assembly Language Programming

How do we use processor instructions to implement algorithms?
How do we write modular, reusable code? (subroutines)

I/O, Traps, and Interrupts

How does processor communicate with outside world?

C Programming
How do we write programs in C?
How do we implement high-level programming constructs?
39

THE HISTORY & EVOLUTION

OF COMPUTER
Basically, the history of
computer development is divided
into 2 parts : before 1940 &
after 1940.

40

A long time ago, human are using

their fingers, stones etc to do
calculation. At the same time, they
are trying to create an apparatus
that could facilitate the calculation
process. After a few trial, finally
the complex and advance
calculation system has been
produced and it is known as a
computer.
41

Before

1940
42

Abakus Counting
Device
o Created on 3000 B.D.
at Babylonia.
o Was the first
mechanical counting
device in the world.
o Able to execute
addition and
substraction
operation.

43

Abacus

44

John Napier's Bone

o Created on 1614 by John
Napier.
o Facilitate multiplication
and division processes
faster & easier.
o The first logarithm table
has been created.
45

Napiers Bone

46

Pascaline Machine
o Created on 1642 by
Braise Pascal.
o Was the first mechanical
machine or calculator in
the world.
o Able to execute addition
and substraction
processes.
47

Pascaline Machine

48

Babbage Differentiation
Machine
o Created by Charles Babbage
on 1821.
o Was the first mechanical
machine which is used the
steam power.
o Able to do a calculation and
printing the output
automatically.

49

Babbage Analytical
Engine
o Created on 1842 by Charles
Babbage.
o It has 5 main parts :
o Input unit
o Output unit
o Processing Unit
o Control unit
o Memory unit
50

Babbage Analytical
Engine

o His invention has became a

theory model for today's
computer technology.
Because of that, Charles
Babbage has been known
as The Ancestor of A
Modern Computer.
51

Babbages Machine

52

After

1940
53

o This part indicates the

starting point of computer
generation.
o The computer which used
electrical power has been
introduced.
54

Mark 1
o Created on 1941 by Dr.
Howard Aikern in conjunction
with IBM.
o Was the first electromechanical computer.
o Size : 55 feet long, 8 feet
height and connected with
800 km of wire.

55

Mark 1

56

ENIAC
o Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
o Was the first electronic computer.
o Created on 1946 by J. Presper Eckert & John W.
Munchly from the University of Pennsylvania. Was
used until 1955.
o Contained of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors,
10,000 capasitors and 15,000 sq feet of space is needed.
Needs 150 kW power and the weight is 30 ton.
o Used decimal number and 20 accumulators of 10
digits. digit.
o Able to execute 5,000 addiotion process per second.
o 1,000 times faster than Mark 1.

57

ENIAC

58

Von N eum ann/Turing

Apply the concept of embedded code.
Main memory keeps the program and

data.
ALU uses binary data.
CU interpret the instruction from memory
during the execution.
CU also controls I/O operation.
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
IAS

Completed 1952

59

Structure of Von N uem ann m achine

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Input
Output
Equipment

Main
Memory

Program Control Unit

60

Computer
Generation
Vacuum tube : 1946-1957
Transistor : 1958-1963
Litar Bersepadu / Cip (Small scale
integration) : 1963 1970
Up to 100 components inside one chip.

Medium scale integration (MSI) )

1971
100-3,000 components inside one chip.

61

 Large scale integration (LSI) : 1971-1977

3,000 - 100,000 components inside one chip.

Very large scale integration (VLSI) ) : 1978

now
100,000 - 100,000,000 components inside one chip.

Ultra large scale integration

Over 100,000,000 components inside one chip.
62

Extra reff
erences

http://www.softlord.com/comp/
http://www.studyweb.com/Comp

uterScience
/

63

R EFLEC TIO N
You have to know the importance of

learning this subject.

You have to know the main component of
a computer.
You have to know the computer function.
You have to know the computer
classification and separate the usage.
You have to know the computer evolution.

64

A ssignm ent
Huraikah apakah yang boleh dilakukan

oleh sesebuah komputer.

Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah
mendorong manusia untuk mencipta
komputer.
Bincangkan apakah sebab yang telah
mendorong kepada evolusi komputer.
Bincangkan apakah faktor yang telah
mendorong kepada perubahan generasi
komputer
65

Think!!
One of the most feared expressions in
modern times is 'The Internet is down.
Man is still the most extraordinary
computer of all.

66