BubblePointandDewPointCalculations
Inthelastlecturewediscussed:
Anisothermalflashseparations
ThederivationandsolutionoftheRachfordRiceequation
NewtonsiterativeproceduretosolvefortherootsoftheRRequation
Anumericalexampletodemonstratethisapproach.
Thislecturewillcover:
AnexampleofusingtheRachfordRiceProcedurewith
asimplespreadsheet
BubblepointandDewPointtemperatureandpressure
calculations
Anexampleofadewpointtemperaturecalculation
MulticomponentFlashCalculations
Forthissystemthereare3C+10variables:F,V,L,{T,P}3,Q,{xi,yi,zi}C
andC+5degreesoffreedom.
WespecifytheC+3variablesF,zi,TF,PFandtwoadditionalvariables
FlashDrum
Vaporout
LiquidFeed
V,yi,TV,PV
F,zi,TF,PF
Q
Liquidout
L,xi,TL,PL
CommonSpecifications:
TV,PV
IsothermalFlash
V/F=0,PL BubblePointTemperature
V/F=1,PV DewPointTemperature
V/F=0,TL BubblePointPressure
V/F=1,TV DewPointPressure
Q=0,PV AdiabaticFlash
Q,PV
Nonadiabaticflash
V/F,PV PercentVaporizationFlash
Lastlecture
IsothermalFlashCalculations
IfwespecifyF,zi,TF,PFandTV,PVthenweapplytheRachfordRiceprocedure:
FlashDrum
Vaporout
LiquidFeed
V,yi,TV,PV
F,zi,TF,PF
Liquidout
L,xi,TL,PL
TL TV
Steps1&2:
Step3:
Step4:
PL PV
SolveRachfordRiceforV/F.
DetermineV
V F
Zi
Ki 1
Steps5and6:
Xi
Step7:
DetermineL
Step8:
DetermineQ
Yi
Ki Zi
Ki 1
L F F
Q Vhv Lhl Fh f
BubblePointPressureCalculations
ForabubblepointpressurecalculationwespecifyF,zi,TF,PF,TLandthatweareat
thebubblepoint.
FlashDrum
Vaporout
LiquidFeed
V=0,yi,TV,PV
F,zi,TF,PF
Liquidout
L,xi,TL,PL
Atthebubblepointthereisequilibriumbetweenthevaporandliquidphases,butthesystem
iscompletelyliquidandthusthevaporfractioniszero.
Zi K i 1
0
i K i 1
f ( )
f (0) Zi K i 1 0
i
Zi K i 1
i
BubblePointTemperatureCalculations
ForabubblepointtemperaturecalculationwespecifyF,zi,TF,PF,PLandthatweareat
thebubblepoint.
FlashDrum
Vaporout
LiquidFeed
V=0,yi,TV,PV
F,zi,TF,PF
Liquidout
L,xi,TL,PL
Atthebubblepointthereisequilibriumbetweenthevaporandliquidphases,butthesystem
iscompletelyliquidandthusthevaporfractioniszero.
Zi K i 1
0
i K i 1
f ( )
f (0) Zi K i 1 0
i
Zi K i 1
i
DewPointTemperatureCalculations
ForaDewPointTemperaturecalculationwespecifyF,zi,TF,PF,PVandthatweareat
thedewpoint.
FlashDrum
Vaporout
LiquidFeed
V,yi,TV,PV
F,zi,TF,PF
Liquidout
L=0,xi,TL,PL
Atthedewpointthereisequilibriumbetweenthevaporandliquidphases,butthesystem
iscompletelyvaporandthusthevaporfractionisone.
Zi K i 1
0
i K i 1
f ( )
Z K 1
f (1) i i
0
Ki
i
Zi
1
i Ki
DewPointPressureCalculations
ForaDewPointPressurecalculationwespecifyF,zi,TF,PF,PVandthatweareat
thedewpoint.
FlashDrum
Vaporout
LiquidFeed
V,yi,TV,PV
F,zi,TF,PF
Liquidout
L=0,xi,TL,PL
Atthedewpointthereisequilibriumbetweenthevaporandliquidphases,butthesystem
iscompletelyvaporandthusthevaporfractionisone.
Zi K i 1
0
i K i 1
f ( )
Z K 1
f (1) i i
0
Ki
i
Zi
1
i Ki
BubblePointandDewPointCalculations
Tosolvethebubblepointanddewpointproblemswemustfindtheunspecifiedtemperature
orpressurewhichsatisfiestheRachfordRiceexpressions.
BubblePoint
Zi Ki 1
i
DewPoint
Z
i 1
i Ki
BubblePointorDewPointTemperatureProcedure:
Step1:Guessatemperature.
Step2:UsethegivenproductpressureandguesstemperaturetodeterminetheKvaluesfrom
theDePriesterchart.
Step3:CalculatetheRachfordRiceexpressionappropriatetotheequilibriumcondition.
Step4:GuessanewhighertemperatureifKvaluesmustbehigher.Otherwise,guessa
lowertemperature.
Step5:RepeatSteps3and4untiltheRachfordRiceequationissatisfied.
BubblePointorDewPointPressureProcedure:
Step1:Guessapressure.
Step2:UsethegivenproducttemperatureandguesspressuretodeterminetheKvaluesfrom
theDePriesterchart.
Step3:CalculatetheRachfordRiceexpressionappropriatetotheequilibriumcondition.
Step4:GuessanewlowerpressureifKvaluesmustbehigher.Otherwise,guessa
higherpressure.
Step5:RepeatSteps3and4untiltheRachfordRiceequationissatisfied.
Example:RachfordRice
Aflashchamberoperating80degreesCand500kPaisseparating1000kgmoles/hrofa
feedthatis10mole%ethane,5mole%propane,15%nbutane,10%npentane,
12mole%isopentane,8mole%nhexane,30mole%heptaneand10%nonane.
Whataretheproductcompositionsandflowrates?
FromtheDepriesterchart:
V/F=0.207
V=207kg/hr
L=793kg/hr
K1(ethane)=11.0
K2(propane)=4.6
K3(nbutane)=1.85
K4(npentane)=0.75
K5(isopentane)=0.9
K6(nhexane)=0.32
K7(heptane)=0.14
K8(nonane)=0.026
x1(ethane)=0.033
x2(propane)=0.029
x3(nbutane)=0.128
x4(npentane)=0.123
x5(isopentane)=0.105
x6(nhexane)=0.093
x7(heptane)=0.365
x (nonane)=0.125
y1(ethane)=0.358
y2(propane)=0.132
y3(nbutane)=0.236
y4(npentane)=0.11
y5(isopentane)=0.079
y6(nhexane)=0.03
y7(heptane)=0.051
y (nonane)=0.003
DepriesterDeterminationofKValues
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Example:DewPointTemperature
Aflashchamberoperating400kPapressureisproducingatopproductof
35%nbutane,30%npentane,15mole%nhexane,20mole%heptane.
Whatisthetemperatureoftheflashdrumtooperateatthedewpoint?
FromtheDepriesterchart:
T=
T=
K1(nbutane)=
K1(nbutane)=
K2(npentane)=
K2(npentane)=
K3(nhexane)=
K3(nhexane)=
K4(heptane)=
K4(heptane)=
Zi
i Ki
V/F=
T=
Zi
i Ki
x1(nbutane)=
x2(npentane)=
x3(nhexane)=
x4(heptane)=
T=
K1(nbutane)=
K2(npentane)=
K3(nhexane)=
K4(heptane)=
Zi
i Ki
T=
K1(nbutane)=
K2(npentane)=
K3(nhexane)=
K4(heptane)=
Zi
i Ki
y1(nbutane)=0.35
y2(npentane)=0.3
y3(nhexane)=0.15
y4(heptane)=0.2
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KValuesIterationsforDewPointTemperature
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Example:BubblePointPressure
Aflashchamberoperating80degreesCisproducingabottomsproductof
15%nbutane,20%npentane,25%nhexane,40%heptane.
Whatisthepressureoftheflashdrumtooperateatthebubblepoint?
FromtheDepriesterchart:
P=
K1(nbutane)=
K2(npentane)=
K3(nhexane)=
K4(heptane)=
Zi Ki
i
V/F=
P=
P=
K1(nbutane)=
K2(npentane)=
K3(nhexane)=
K4(heptane)=
Zi Ki
i
x1(nbutane)=0.15
x2(npentane)=0.20
x3(nhexane)=0.25
x4(heptane)=0.4
P=
K1(nbutane)=
K2(npentane)=
K3(nhexane)=
K4(heptane)=
Zi Ki
i
P=
K1(nbutane)=
K2(npentane)=
K3(nhexane)=
K4(heptane)=
Zi Ki
i
y1(nbutane)=
y2(npentane)=
y3(nhexane)=
y4(heptane)=
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DepriesterDeterminationofKValues
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Summary
Thislecturecovered:
UsingasimplespreadsheettoapplytheRachfordRice
Procedure
BubblepointandDewPointtemperatureandpressure
calculations
Anexampleofadewpointtemperaturecalculation
NextLecturewillcover:
TernaryLiquidLiquidextractions.
Ternaryphasediagrams.
Aproceduretodeterminetheproductcompositionsand
flowratesofaliquidliquidextractionseparation.
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