5.
0 Introduction to
BRIDGE
and
TUNNEL
ENGINEERING
Course Outlines
Bridge Engineering
5.1 Choice of Bridge
Location Site
5.2 Classification of
Bridges and
Component Parts of
a Bridge
5.3 Introduction to
River Bank and
Protection Structure
Tunnel Engineering
5.4 Types of Road and
Railway Tunnels
5.5 Component Parts of
Tunnel and Tunnel Crosssection
5.6 Survey for Tunnel
Alignment
5.7 Drainage, Lightening
and Ventilation
Requirements for Tunnel
5.8 Introduction of
Tunneling in Firm Soil,
Soft Soil and Rock
5.9 Tunnel Lining
Bridge
Enginee
ring
What is Bridge ?
A Bridge is a Structure
Providing Passage Over an
Obstacle without Closing
the Way Beneath.
The Required Passage
may be for a Road, a
Railway, Pedestrians,
a Canal or a Pipeline.
The Obstacle to be
Crossed may be a
River,
a
Road,
a
Railway,
Body
of
Water or a Valley.
Functions of A Bridge
A Bridge has to Carry a Service (which may
be Highway or Railway Traffic, a Footpath,
Public Utilities, etc.) Over an Obstacle
(which may be Another Road or Railway, a
River, a Valley, etc.)
Characteristics of an
Ideal
Axis of the bridge
and Bridge
the direction of river flow
should be perpendicular to each other as far as
possible
Line of the bridge should not present any
serious deviation from the line of the approach
roads at either end.
Adequate width for the present as well as for
the anticipated future traffic.
Firm foundations to a sufficient depth to avoid
damage by floods.
Provide head-room for clearance above the HFL.
Provide for services of sewerage, water,
telephone, etc.
Similar
road
surface
for
the
roadway
approaching the bridge on either ends and over
the bridge.
Economical both in cost and maintenance.
5.1 Choice of Location of
Bridge
Site
A Straight Reach
of the River
Steady River Flow without serious cross
currents
A Narrow Channel with well-defined firm
banks
Minimum Width and Right Angle Crossing
Suitable High and Stable Banks above HFL
on each side
Rock or Other Hard Non-erodible Strata
close to the river bed level
Absence of Sharp Curves in the Approaches
Absence of Expensive River Training Works
Availability of Constructional Materials
5.2 Classification of Bridges
and
Component Parts of a
Bridge
5.2.1 Classification of
Bridges
1. According to Functions
Aqueduct (Canal Over a River)
Viaduct (Road or Railway Over a
Valley)
Pedestrian Bridges
Highway Bridges
Railway Bridges
Pipeline Bridges
Aqueduct
Viaduct
Pont du Gard Aqueduct, France
Jardin Botanico,
Portugal
Viaducts
Pedestrian Bridges
Mahadevbeshi Bridge
Gaoling Bridge, China
Highway Bridges
Karnali Bridge, Cable-stayed, Nepal
(Made by Japan, 500 mLong)
Piluwa Khola Truss Bridge,
Sankhuwashava, Nepal
Railway Bridges
Kawhatau, Japan
Pipeline Bridges
Classification Bridges
Materials of Construction
of Superstructure
Timber Bridges
Masonry Bridges
Iron Bridges
Steel Bridges
R.C.C. Bridges
Pre stressed Concrete
Bridges
Composite Bridges or
Aluminum Bridges
2. According to the
Timber Bridges
Masonry Bridges
Iron Bridges
Worlds First Iron Bridge
Steel Bridge
RCC Bridge: Mahatma
Gandhi Setu, Patana, 1982
San Diego Colorado Prestressed Bridge,
California
Pre-stressed Concrete
Bridge, India
Bangalore Grade
Separator, Bangalore
Aluminum Bridges
Composite Bridges
Composite Bridge, Nigeria
Classification of
Bridges
Form or Type of
Superstructure
3. According to the
Slab Bridges
Beam Bridges
Truss Bridges
Arch Bridges
Cable-stayed Bridges
Suspension Bridges
Suspended Bridges
Slab Bridge
RCC Slab Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridges
Over Truss Steel Bridge
Ping Ding Bridge, Taipei,
China
Arch Bridges
Brick Arch Type
Cable-Stayed Bridges
Cable-stayed Bridge, China
Suspension Bridges
Tallest Suspension
Bridge in Nepal
Over Modi River, Kusma
Suspension
Across San
Francisco Bay
Classification of Bridges
4. According to the Inner-Span
Relations
Simple Bridges
Continuous Bridges or
Cantilever Bridges
General Span Types
Simple Bridge
Cadem T-Beam Bridge
Continuous Bridges
Cantilever Bridges
Classification of Bridges
5. According to the Position of
Bridge Floor Relative
to the Superstructure
Deck Bridges
Through Bridges
Half-through
Bridges
Deck Bridges
Swanport Bridge, Austrila
Through Bridges
Saltashrab Royal Albert BridgeGrammene Vicrendeel Bri
Semi-Through Bridges
Suspended Bridges
Mugling Bridge, Nepal
Classification of Bridges
6. According to the Method of
Connections of the Different Parts
of the Superstructure, particularly
to the steel construction
Pin-connected Bridges
Riveted Bridges
Welded Bridges
Pin-Connected Bridges
Riveted Bridges
Welded Bridge
Classification of Bridges
7. According to the Road Level
Relative to the H.F.L. of the River
below particularly to for a Highway
Bridge
High Level Bridges
Submersible Bridges or
Causeways
High Level Bridges
Submersible
Bridges/Causeways
Classification of Bridges
8. According to the Method of
Clearance for Navigation
High-level Bridges
Movable-Bascule Bridges
Movable-Swing Bridges
Transporter Bridges
High- level Bridges
Movable Bridges
Movable Curl
Movable Draw
Movable Bridges
Movable Fold
Movable Lift
Movable Bridges
Movable Swing
Movable Table
Movable Bridges
Movable Thrust
Transporter Bridge
Classification of Bridges
9. According to the Length of
bridge (NRS 2045)
Classification of Bridges
10. According to the Degree of
Redundancy
Determinate Bridges
Indeterminate Bridges
Determinate Bridge
Indeterminate Bridge
Classification of Bridges
11. According to the Anticipated
Type of Service and Duration
of Use
Permanent Bridges
Temporary Bridges
Military (Pontoon, Bailey)
Bridge
Bailey Bridge
Bridge of Boats/ Pontoon
Classification of Bridges
12. According to the Alignment of
the Bridge
Straight Bridges
Skew Bridges
Curved Bridges
Skew Bridges
Curved Bridges
Main Parts of a Bridge
Structure
Substructure
Superstructure
8.2.2 Component Parts of a
Bridge
Substructure Components
Superstructure Components
Components Below the
Components Above the
Level of the Bearings
Level of Bearings and
and Consists ofConsists of Abutments, Wing
Bearings for the
Walls and Piers
Decking
Foundations for the
Decking Consisting
Abutments and Piers
of a Slab, Girders,
River Training and
Trusses, etc.
River Bank Protection
Hand Rails,
works Like
Revetment for Slopes
Parapets, etc.
at Abutments and
Superstructure system
Aprons at Bed Level
of members carry the
Approaches to the
roadway over a crossing
Bridge to Connect the
and transfer load to a
Bridge to the Roads
substructure.
on Either Side
Types of Wall Abutments
Wing Walls
Wing Wall
Abutment and Wing Wall
Piers
Basic Types of Bridge
Piers
Piers
Bearings
Connection
between the
substructure and
the superstructure
is usually made
through bearings.
A Typical Single Span
Bridge
Typical Beam/Girder
Bridge
Factors Affecting the Selection of Type of
Bridge
Volume and the Nature of the Traffic
Nature of the River and its Bed Soil
Availability of Materials and Funds
Time-limit, within which the Bridge is required to be
completed
Physical Features of the Site
Availability of Workers
Whether Navigation is done in the River or not
Facilities Available during Construction
Economic Span Length of the Bridge
Level of H.F.L. and Clearance Requirements
Climatic Conditions
Strategic Conditions
Hydraulic Data Available
Foundation Condition
Length of the Bridge
Width of the Bridge
Live Loads on the Bridge
Appearance
5.3 Introduction to River
Bank and Protection
Structure
When the banks of a river about to
erode or fail, it is take immediate
measure to protect the banks.
In Alluvial Rivers, the water flows
in large width and has the
tendency to erode side banks and
submerge side areas.
At such places some special types
of works are known as River
Training Works.
Types of River Training
Works/ River Bank
Protection Structures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Guide Bunds
Spurs
Cut-offs
Pitching of Banks
Revetment
Riprap
1. Guide Bunds/Banks
Necessity:
Guide bunds are meant to
confine and guide the river flow
through the structure without
causing damage to it and its
approaches.
They also prevent the out
flanking of the structure.
Types of Guide Bunds
Can either be divergent upstream
or parallel.
According to geometrical shape, the
guide bunds may be straight or
elliptical.
Spurs
When the river starts erosion of
bank and changing of its course, the
spurs or spurs are constructed to
deflect the current away from the
bank.
Spurs are the structures built
transverse to the river flow
extending from the river bank.
If spurs are built in series, the bank
can be completely protected.
A spur is a structure constructed
transverse to the river flow and is
projected form the bank into the
river.
Types of Spurs /Groynes
i) Either "Permeable " or "Impermeable".
Permeable Spurs - useful when
concentration of suspended sediment load is
heavy; they allow water to pass through.
Impermeable Spurs are made of solid core,
constructed of stones or earth and stones
with exposed faces protected by pitching.
These spurs can with stand severe attack
better than permeable spurs.
Type of Spurs /Groynes
ii) Spurs may be classified as
(a) Repelling (Deflecting)
(b) Attracting and
(c) Neutral (Sedimenting).
Repelling (Deflecting) Spurs are those which incline
upstream at an angle of 60 degree to 70 degree to the river
course and deflect the current towards the opposite bank.
They cause silting in still water on the upstream pocket.
Attracting Spurs incline downstream and make the deep
channel flow continuously along their noses. They cause
scour just on the downstream side of the head due to
turbulence. The river flow is attracted towards the spur .
Normal (Holding or Sedimenting) Spurs are those which
are built at right angles to the bank to keep the stream in a
particular position and promote silting between the spurs.
They have practically no effect on the diversion of the
current and are mostly used for training of rivers for
navigational purposes.
Type of Spurs /Groynes
iii) Spurs are also classified as
Full Height Spurs and
Part Height Spurs.
Where top level is higher than HFL, it is
called a full height spur.
iv) Spurs are also constructed extending into the
stream with a "T" head or hockey stick shaped head,
properly armoured to hold the river at a distance.
A series of such spurs/groynes correctly positioned
can hold the river at a position away from the point
intended to be protected.
The edge of the "T" head should be curved
somewhat in the manner of a guide bund to avoid
swirls.
Cut- Offs
Sometimes when very heavy meandering
develops near bridges and there is a danger
of its encroaching too heavily into the still
water area or otherwise dangerously
approaching the railway embankment, it
becomes necessary to dig a cut-off channel
which will ultimately develop and help in
the diversion of water through it.
