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Chapter 1 EMI
Chapter 1 EMI
Learning Objectives
To introduce basic components of measurement
system
To understand
measurement systems
the
basic
properties
of
INSTRUMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
1.
ACCURACY
Accuracy is the ability of an instrument to show the
exact reading.
Always related to the extent of the wrong reading/non
accuracy.
Normally shown in percentage of error which of the
full scale reading percentage.
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
2. PRECISION
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Example :
XXX
XXX
X : result
Centre circle : true value
Accuracy vs Precision
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
3.
TOLERANCE
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
4. RANGE OF SPAN
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
5. BIAS
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
6. LINEARITY
Linearity
Output
Readings
Measured Quantity
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
7. SENSIVITY
Sensitivity (K) =
i
: change in output; i : change in input
Example 1:
The resistance value of a Platinum Resistance
Thermometer changes when the temperature
increases. Therefore, the unit of sensitivity for
this equipment is Ohm/C.
Sensitivity
Most sensitive
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Example 2:
Pressure sensor A with a value of 2 bar
caused a deviation of 10 degrees.
Therefore, the sensitivity of the
equipment is 5 degrees/bar.
Sensitivity of the whole system is (k) =
k1 x k2 x k3 x .. x kn
i
k1
k2
k3
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
Example:
Consider a measuring system consisting of a transducer, amplifier
and a recorder, with sensitivity for each equipment given below:
Transducer sensitivity 0.2 mV/C
Amplifier gain
2.0 V/mV
Recorder sensitivity
5.0 mV/V
Therefore,
Sensitivity of the whole system:
(k) = k1 x k2 x k3
k = 0.2 mV x 2.0 V
C
mV
k = 2.0 mV/C
x 5.0 mV
V
Example :
The output of a platinum resistance thermometer
(RTD) is as follows:
Input(C)
Output(Ohm)
100
200
200
400
300
600
400
800
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
8. DEAD SPACE / DEAD BAND
Output
Reading
+
Measured
Variables
Dead Space
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
9. RESOLUTION
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS
10. THRESHOLD
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Response time
EXAMPLE OF DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Response from a 2nd order instrument:
Output
100%
90%
10%
tr
Time
EXAMPLE OF DYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Response from a 2nd order instrument:
1. Rise Time ( tr )
Measuring Instruments:
Ammeter
You know how to calculate the
current in this circuit:
V
I= .
R
If you dont know V or R, you can
measure I with an ammeter.
r
V
r=0.5
V=3 V
You might see the symbol
used instead of V.
I = 0.286 A = 286 mA
R=10
r=0.5
RA
V=3 V
A Galvanometer
When a current is passed through a coil connected to a
needle, the coil experiences a torque and deflects.
IG
RSHUNT
ISHUNT
RA RG RSHUNT
RG RSHUNT
RA
RG RSHUNT
R
G
IG
RSHUNT
ISHUNT
the galvanometer
1A full scale
means
a
Homework
hint: thereads
galvanometer
reads
1A full
current
of IG=1A
produces
full-scale
deflection
scale means
a current
of IaG=1A
produces
a full- of
the
galvanometer
The needleneedle.
deflection
scale
deflection of needle.
the galvanometer
Theis
proportional
to theiscurrent
I G.
needle deflection
proportional
to the current IG.
If you want the ammeter shown to read 5A full scale,
then the selected RSHUNT must result in IG=1A when
I=5A. In that case, what are ISHUNT and VAB (=VSHUNT)?
AExample:
galvanometer-based
ammeter uses
a galvanometer
what shunt resistance
is required
for an
and
a shunt,
connected
in parallel:
ammeter
to have
a resistance
of 10 m, if the
galvanometer resistance is 60 ?
R
1
1
1
RA RG RS
1
1
1
RS RA RG
RG RA 60 .01
RS
0.010
RG - R A
60-.01 (actually 0.010002
IG
RS
IS
RG RA 60 .01
RS
0.010
RG - R A
60-.01
To achieve such a small resistance, the shunt is
probably a large-diameter wire or solid piece of metal.
Measuring Instruments:
Voltmeter
Vab=?
R=10
r=0.5
V=3 V
0.4
10
A
3
Req 1510
Vab =IR 0.4 10-3 10103 4 V
R2=5 k
V=6 V
RG=60
R1=10 k
R2=5 k
V=6 V
I=1.19 mA
V
Vab
RSer
Va
b
Everything inside the blue box is the voltmeter.
Homework
hints: the galvanometer
1A full scale
mean
a current of
of I GI =1A
the galvanometer
reads 1A reads
full scale
wouldwould
mean
a current
G=1A
would produce a full-scale deflection of the galvanometer needle.
RV=100 k
R1=10 k
R2=5 k
V=6 V
I=.426 mA
Not great, but much better. Larger Rser is needed for high accuracy.
Measuring Instruments:
Ohmmeter
An ohmmeter measures
resistance. An ohmmeter is
made from a galvanometer, a series resistance, and a
battery.
R
RSer
Everything inside the
G
blue box is the
G
ohmmeter.
R=?