LIGHT EMITTING
DIODES
PRESENTATON BY DUJON C SMITH
About
LEDs
(1/2)
A light emitting diode (LED) is essentially a PN junction optosemiconductor that emits a monochromatic (single color) light
when operated in a forward biased direction.
LEDs convert electrical energy into light energy.
ABOUT LEDS (2/2)
The most important part of a light emitting diode (LED) is the
semi-conductor chip located in the center of the bulb as shown at
the right.
The chip has two regions separated by a junction.
The junction acts as a barrier to the flow of electrons between the
p and the n regions.
HOW DOES A LED WORK? (1/2)
When sufficient voltage is applied to the chip
across the leads of the LED, electrons can move
easily in only one direction across the junction
between the p and n regions.
When a voltage is applied and the current starts
to flow, electrons in the n region have sufficient
energy to move across the junction into the p
region.
HOW DOES A LED WORK? (2/2)
Each time an electron recombines with a
positive charge, electric potential energy is
converted into electromagnetic energy.
For each recombination of a negative and a
positive charge, a quantum of
electromagnetic energy is emitted in the
form of a photon of light with a frequency
characteristic of the semi-conductor
material
HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES AN LED
EMIT?
The energy (E) of the light emitted by an LED is related to the
electric charge (q) of an electron and the voltage (V) required to light
the LED by the expression: E = qV Joules.
This expression simply says that the voltage is proportional to the
electric energy
The constant q is the electric charge of a single electron, -1.6 x 10 -19
Coulomb.
FINDING THE ENERGY FROM THE
VOLTAGE
Let us say that you have a red LED, and the voltage measured between
the leads of is 1.71 Volts. So the Energy required to light the LED is
E = qV or E = -1.6 x 10-19 (1.71) Joule,
since a Coulomb-Volt is a Joule. The Product of these of numbers then
gives
E = 2.74 x 10-19 Joule.
APPLCATONS
Sensor Applications
Mobile Applications
Sign Applications
Automative Uses
LED Signals
Illuminations
Indicators
SENSOR APPLCATONS
Medical Instrumentation
Bar Code Readers
Color & Money Sensors
Encoders
Optical Switches
Fiber Optic Communication
MOBLE APPLCATONS
Mobile Phone
PDA's
Digital Cameras
Lap Tops
General Backlighting
10
SGN APPLCATONS
Full Color Video
Monochrome Message Boards
Traffic/VMS
Transportation - Passenger Information
11
AUTOMATVE APPLCATONS
Interior Lighting - Instrument Panels & Switches, Courtesy Lighting
Exterior Lighting - CHMSL, Rear Stop/Turn/Tail
Truck/Bus Lighting - Retrofits, New Turn/Tail/Marker Lights
12
SGNAL APPCATONS
Traffic
Rail
Aviation
Tower Lights
Runway Lights
Emergency/Police Vehicle Lighting
LEDs offer enormous benefits over traditional incandescent lamps
including:
Energy savings (up to 85% less power than incandescent)
Reduction in maintenance costs
Increased visibility in daylight and adverse weather conditions
13
ILLUMNATON (1/2)
Architectural Lighting
Signage (Channel Letters)
Machine Vision
Retail Displays
Emergency Lighting (Exit Signs)
Neon Replacement
Bulb Replacements
Flashlights
Outdoor Accent Lighting - Pathway, Marker Lights
14
ILLUMNATON (2/2)
Studies have shown that the use of LEDs in illumination applications can
offer:
Greater visual appeal
Reduced energy costs
Increased attention capture
Savings in maintenance and lighting replacements
15
INDCATON
Household appliances
VCR/ DVD/ Stereo and other audio and video devices
Toys/Games
Instrumentation
Security Equipment
Switches
16
COLOURS OF LEDS (1/3)
LEDs are made from gallium-based
crystals that contain one or more
additional materials such as phosphorous
to produce a distinct color.
Different LED chip technologies emit
light in specific regions of the visible
light spectrum and produce different
intensity levels.
LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white.
17
COLOURS OF LEDS (2/3)
Tri-colour LEDs
The most popular type of tri-colour LED has a red and a green LED
combined in one package with three leads..
There are different lengths of the three leads.
18
COLOURS OF LEDS (3/3)
Bi-colour LEDs
A bi-colour LED has two LEDs wired in
'inverse parallel combined in one package with
two leads.
Only one of the LEDs can be lit at one time
and they are less useful than the tri-colour
LEDs described above.
19
LED PERFORMANCE (1/8)
LED performance is based on a few primary characteristics:
Color
White light
Intensity
Eye safety information
Visibility
Operating Life
Voltage/Design Current
20
LED PERFORMANCE (2/8)
Colour
Peak wavelength is a function of the LED chip material. Although
process variations are 10 NM, the 565 to 600 NM wavelength
spectral regions is where the sensitivity level of the human eye is
highest. Therefore, it is easier to perceive color variations in yellow
and amber LEDs than other colors.
21
LED PERFORMANCE (3/8)
White Light
When light from all parts of the visible spectrum overlap one
another, the additive mixture of colors appears white.
Primary colors from the upper, middle, and lower parts of the
spectrum (red, green, and blue), when combined, appear white.
22
LED PERFORMANCE (4/8)
Intensity
LED light output varies with the type of chip, encapsulation,
efficiency of individual wafer lots and other variables.
Several LED manufacturers use terms such as "super-bright," and
"ultra-bright to describe LED intensity.
23
LED PERFORMANCE (5/8)
Eye Safety
The need to place eye safety labeling on LED products is
dependent upon the product design and the application.
Only a few LEDs produce sufficient intensity to require eye
safety labeling.
24
LED PERFORMANCE (6/8)
Visibility
Luminous intensity does not represent the total light output from
an LED. Both the luminous intensity and the spatial radiation
pattern must be taken into account
25
LED PERFORMANCE (7/8)
Operating Life
LEDs are designed to operate upwards of 100,000 hours at 25C
ambient temperature.
When the LED degrades to half of its original intensity after
100,000 hours it is at the end of its useful life although the LED will
continue to operate as output diminishes.
26
LED PERFORMANCE (8/8)
Voltage/Design Current
LEDs are current-driven devices, not voltage driven. Although drive
current and light output are directly related, exceeding the maximum
current rating will produce excessive heat within the LED chip due to
excessive power dissipation. The result will be reduced light output
and reduced operating life.
LEDs that are designed to operate at a specific voltage contain a builtin current-limiting resistor. Additional circuitry may include a
protection diode for AC operation or full-bridge rectifier for bipolar
operation. The operating current for a particular voltage is designed to
maintain LED reliability over its operating life.
27
Some Types of LEDs
Bargraph
7-segment
Starburst
Dot matrix
28
PREFERENCES
http://www.marktechopto.com/
http://acept.la.asu.edu/courses/phs110/expmts/exp13a.html
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/led.htm
http://www.fiber-optics.info/articles/LEDs.htm
http://www.theledlight.com/technical1.html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/leds.html
www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/led.htm
P.S : You can download this presentation from,
http://www.eee.metu.edu.tr/~eekmekci
29
::The END::
Thank you for your
Attention!
