An Introduction to CDMA Air Interface:

TIA/EIA/IS-95A

Advanced Technology Center

Computer & Communications Research Laboratories
Industrial Technology Research Institute
Ray-Guang Cheng
crg@atc.ccl.itri.org.tw

Contents
Introduction
Forward CDMA Channel
Reverse CDMA Channel

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CDMA Around the World

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Multiple Access
FDMA
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) and Total Access
Communications System (TACS)
AMPS systems use 30 kHz "slices" of spectrum for each channel
Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS) requires only 10 kHz per channel
TACS channels are 25 kHz wide

TDMA
IS-54 systems, designed to coexist with AMPS systems, divide 30 kHz of
spectrum into three channels
PDC divides 25 kHz slices of spectrum into three channels
GSM systems create 8 time-division channels in 200 kHz wide carriers
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Multiple Access
CDMA
unique digital codes are used to differentiate subscribers
codes are shared by both MS and BS
all users share the same range of radio spectrum

Benefits of CDMA:

Capacity increases: 8 to 10 times (AMPS); 4 to 5 times (GSM)

Improved call quality
Simplified system planning
Enhanced privacy
Improved coverage characteristics
Increased talk time for portables
Bandwidth on demand

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CDMA
There are two CDMA common air interface standards:
Cellular (824-894 MHz) - TIA/EIA/IS-95A
PCS (1850-1990 MHz) - ANSI J-STD-008

They are very similar in their features, with exceptions of the

frequency plan, mobile identities, and related message fields.
IS-95A
45 MHz spacing for forward & reverse channel
Permissible frequency assignments are on 30 kHz increments
W/R = 10 log (1.2288 MHz/9600Hz) = 21 dB for the 9600 bps rate set

ANSI J-STD-008
80 MHz spacing for forward & reverse channel
Permissible frequency assignments are on 50 kHz increments
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Frequency Plan of IS-95A

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Frequency Plan of ANSI J-STD-008

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Forward CDMA Channel of IS-95A

From BSS to MS
It carries traffic, a pilot signal, and overhead information.
Pilot is a spread but unmodulated DSSS signal.
Pilot and overhead channels establish the system timing and
station identity.
Pilot channel is also used in the mobile-assisted handoff
(MAHO) process as a signal strength reference.
FEC code rate is 1/2 and the PN rate is 1.2288 MHz (1.2288
MHz = 128*9600 bps).

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Forward Link Channel Parameters

Channel

Sync

Data rate

1200

4800

9600

1200

2400

4800

Code repetition
Modulation
symbol rate

4800

PN chips/
modulation symbol
PN chips/bit

Paging

Traffic
9600 bps
1

19,200 19,200 19,200 19,200 19,200 19,200 sps

256

64

64

64

64

64

64

1024

256

128

1024

512

256

128

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Signal Structure
The forward link consists of up to 64 logical channels (code
channels).
Code channels is one of a set of 64 so-called Walsh functions.
Only whole periods of the Walsh functions occur in each code
symbol, the Walsh makes the channels completely separable in
the receiver.
Each forward code channel is spread by the Short Code, which
has I- and Q-components.
The two coded, covered, and spread streams are vectormodulated on the RF carrier. The spreading modulation is thus
QPSK, superimposed on a BPSK code symbol stream.
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Overhead Channels
There are three types of overhead channel in the forward link:
pilot, is required in every station
sync
paging

Pilot channel
pure short code with no additional cover or information content
always code channel zero
a demodulation reference for the mobile receivers and for handoff level
measurements
carries no information
all stations use the same short code, distinguished by the phase
period of the short code, 215= 26.667 ms at the 1.2288 MHz chip rate
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Overhead Channels
Pilot channel (Conti.)
pilot phases always be assigned to stations in multiples of 64 chips,
giving a total of 215-6 = 512 possible assignments
9-bit number that identifies the pilot phase assignment is called the Pilot
Offset

Sync Channel
sync channel carries timing and system configuration information
data rate is always 1200 bps
interleaver period is also 80/3 = 26.667 ms, simplifies finding frame
boundaries, once the mobile has located the pilot
code period ambiguity is then resolved by the long code state and system
time fields
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Overhead Channels
Paging channel
used to communicate with MSs when they are not assigned to a traffic
channel
successful accesses are normally followed by an assignment to a
dedicated traffic channel
paging channel may run at either 4800 or 9600 bps
each BS must have at least one paging channel per sector, on at least one
of the frequencies in use

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Traffic Channel
Traffic channels

assigned dynamically, in response to MS accesses, to specific MS

always carries data in 20 ms frames
carry variable rate traffic frames, either 1, 1/2, 1/4, or 1/8 of 9600 bps
rate variation is accomplished by 1, 2, 4, or 8-way repetition of code
symbols, but the energy per bit approximately constant
rate is independently variable in each 20 ms frame
the 800 bps reverse link power control subchannel is carried on the
traffic channel by puncturing 2 from every 24 symbols transmitted.

Timing
all base stations must be synchronized within a few microseconds
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Reverse CDMA Channel of IS-95

From MS to BSS
It carries traffic and signaling information.
FEC code rate is 1/3, the code symbol rate = 28,800 symbols/sec,
6 code symbols/modulation symbol, and the PN rate is 1.2288
MHz
modulation is 64-ary orthogonal Walsh functions, each period of
the Walsh function is repeated for four chips of the PN code
Walsh symbol rate is 1.2288 MHz/(4 chips per Walsh chip)/(64
Walsh chips per Walsh symbol) = 4,800 modulation symbols/
second
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Reverse CDMA Channel Parameters, Rate Set 1

Channel

Access

Data rate
4,800
Code Rate
1/3
Symbol Rate before Repetition
14,400
Symbol Repetition
2
Symbol Rate after Repetition
28,800
Transmit Duty Cycle
1
Code Symbols/Modulation Symbol
6
PN Chips/Modulation Symbol
256
PN chips transmitted/bit
256
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Traffic
1,200
2,400
4,800 9,600 bps
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
3,600
7,200 14,400 28,800 sps
8
4
2
1
28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800 sps
1/8
1/4
1/2
1
6
6
6
6
256
256
256
256
128
128
128
128
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Signal Structure
Reverse CDMA Channel consists of 2 42-1 logical channels
One of the logical channel is permanently and uniquely
associated with each MS. The channel does not change upon
handoff.
Reverse link addressing is accomplished through manipulation of
period 2 42-1 Long Code, which is part of the spreading process.
The reverse CDMA Channel does not use strict orthogonality in
any sense to separate logical channels. Rather, it uses a very long
period spreading code, in distinct phases. The correlations
between stations are not zero, but they are acceptably small.
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Handoff
CDMA is specifically designed not only to reduce handoff
failures but also to provide seamless service.

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Handoff
Steps in a handoff

Starting in a state where only one cell is supporting the call in question.
Informing the candidate cell of the imminent handoff
Signaling the mobile to begin executing the handoff.
New cell beginning to service the mobile
Mobile beginning to use the new cell
Entering the mid-handoff state (prolonged only in CDMA)
Mobile discontinuing use of the old cell
Old cell stopping service to the mobile
Ending in a state where the new cell is supporting the call in question

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AMPS v.s. CDMA

Difference between AMPS & CDMA
CDMA handoffs do not normally require frequency tuning.
CDMA requires change of the code channel in the forward CDMA channel.
No tuning, either frequency or code channel is required in the reverse
CDMA channel at any time.

AMPS
Hard handoff (communication is interrupted briefly)
not simultaneous communication with more than one BS
BS do the signal quality measurement

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CDMA Protocol

Upper Layers
(Primary Traffic)

Upper Layers
(Secondary Traffic)

Layer 2
(Primary Traffic)

Layer 2
(Secondary Traffic)

Layer 3 (Mobile Station Control Processes)

Layer 2
(Signaling)

Multiplex Sublayer (Traffic Channel)

Layer 2
(Link Layer)
Paging & Access
Channels

Layer 2
Sync
Channels

Layer 1 (Physical Layer)

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Multiplex Option Information

Format
FormatBits
Bits
Transmit
Transmit Mixed
Mixed Traffic
Traffic
Rate
Mode
(
Type
Rate
Mode (
Type( (
(bps)
MM
)
TT
(bps)
MM )
TT) )
00
-11
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
9600
11
11
9600
11
11
11
11
11
11
4800
--4800
2400
--2400
1200
--1200

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Traffic
Traffic
Mode
Mode
( (TM
TM) )
-00
00
01
01
10
10
11
11
00
00
01
01
10
10
11
11
----

Primary
Primary
Traffic
Traffic

Signaling
Signaling
Traffic
Traffic

Secondary
Secondary
Traffic
Traffic

Bits/frame
Bits/frame

Bits/frame
Bits/frame

Bits/frame
Bits/frame

171
171
80
80
40
40
16
16
00
80
80
40
40
16
16
00
80
80
40
40
66

00
88
88
128
128
152
152
168
168
00
00
00
00
00
00
00

00
00
00
00
00
88
88
128
128
152
152
168
168
00
00
00

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Primary and Signaling Traffic

172 bits
9600 bps Primary
Traffic only

MM
=0

Primary Traffic = 171 bits

Dim & Burst with rate 1/4

primary & signaling traffic

MM TT
=1 =0
MM TT
=1
=0

Dim & Burst with rate 1/8

primary & signaling traffic

MM
=1

TT TM Primary Traffic
=0 =10
= 16 bits

Blank & Burst with

signaling traffic only

MM
=1

TT
=0

Dim & Burst with rate 1/2

primary & signaling traffic

TM
=00
TM
=01

TM
=11

Signaling Traffic
= 88 bits

Primary Traffic
= 80 bits
Primary Traffic
= 40 bits

Signaling Traffic
= 128 bits
Signaling Traffic
= 152 bits

Signaling Traffic = 168 bits

80 bits

4800 bps primary

traffic only

Primary Traffic = 80 bits

40 bits

2400 bps primary

traffic only

Primary Traffic = 40 bits

16 bits

1200 bps Primary

traffic only
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Primary Traffic = 16 bits

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Secondary Traffic

172 bits
Dim & Burst with rate
MM
1/2 primary &
=1
Secondary traffic

TT
=1

TM
=00

Dim & Burst with rate

MM
1/4 primary &
=1
Secondary traffic

TT
=1

TM
=01

Dim & Burst with rate MM

1/8 primary &
=1
Secondary traffic

TT TM Primary Traffic
=1 =10
= 16 bits

MM
Blank & Burst with
Secondary traffic only =1

TT
=1

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TM
=11

Primary Traffic
= 80 bits
Primary Traffic
= 40 bits

Signaling Traffic
= 88 bits
Signaling Traffic
= 128 bits
Signaling Traffic
= 152 bits

Signaling Traffic = 168 bits

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Sync Channel
Signaling on all channels use a synchronized bit-oriented
protocol.
Sync channel is used during the system acquisition stage.
Sync channel frame length is the length of pilot PN sequence.
Only the Sync Channel Message is sent on the sync channel.
MS
obtains information from Sync Channel Message
adjusts its timing to normal system timing
begins monitoring its Paging Channel

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Paging Channel
Data rate: 2400, 4800, 9600 bps
One 9600 bps Paging Channel can support 180 pages/sec.
Paging Channel conveys four major types of messages:

overhead
paging
order
channel assignment

Configuration of the system is conveyed in four overhead messages:

System Parameter Message

Access Parameter Message
Neighbor List Message
CDMA Channel List Message

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Overhead Messages
System Parameter Message:
configuration of the Paging Channel
registration parameters
parameters to aid pilot acquisition

Access Parameter Message

configuration of the Access Channel
control parameters used to stabilize the Access Channel

Neighbor List Message

time offset of the pilot
basic neighbor configuration

CDMA Channel List Message

CDMA frequency assignment that contain Paging Channels
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Paging Channel Messages

Page Message:
contains pages to one or more mobile stations.

Order Message:
a broad class of messages used to control a particular MS.

Channel Assignment Message:

let BS to assign a MS to the traffic channel
change Paging Channel Assignment
direct the MS to use the analog FM system

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Access Channel
Access Channel provides communications from MS to BS when
MS is not using a Traffic Channel.
All Access Channel use 4800 bps mode
Access Channel Message:

call origination
response to pages
orders
registrations

One or more Access Channel are paired with every Paging Channel
Control of Access Channel transmission is accomplished through
the Access Parameter Message sent on the Paging Channel
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Framing and Signaling on the Traffic Channel

Both forward & reverse Traffic Channels use 20 ms frames.
Frames can be sent at 9600, 4800, 2400, or 1200 bps
Signaling
blank-and-burst signaling:
sent at 9600 bps
replace one or more frames of primary traffic data
dim-and-burst signaling:
sent at 9600 bps
sends both signaling and primary traffic data in a frame
degradation in voice quality is essentially undetectable

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Traffic Channel Messages & Service Option

Four types of control messages on the Traffic Channel

messages controlling the call itself

messages controlling handoff
messages controlling forward link power
messages for security and authentication

IS-95 supports different user applications, called service options

Two different service options can be simultaneous supported:
primary traffic
secondary traffic

MS can specify the desired service option at call origination.

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IS-95 Standard
Forward Link

Pilot Channel
Sync Channel
Paging Channels (max. 7)
Traffic Channels
Power Control Sub-Channel

Reverse Link
Access Channels
Traffic Channels

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Forward CDMA Channel

Forward link consists of up to 64 logical channels (code channels)
The code channels are distinguished by a set of 64 Walsh
functions
Walsh function code number zero is always reserved as the pilot
Short Code (with period 215, 27.667 ms at 1.2288 MHz)
spreading the CDMA Forward Channel
used in conjunction with the Long Code for spreading the CDMA Reverse
Channel

Long Code (with period 242 - 1)

spreading the CDMA Reverse Channel
Long Code Mask serves as a reverse link address
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Generation of Forward Code Channel

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Forward Channel Modulator (Spreading)

Identical I, Q signals; but different I, Q PN sequences (short code)
Transmitted power is reduced by 3, 6, or 9 dB for variable data
rates at 9.6 k, 4.8 k, 2.4 k, and 1.2 kbps
QPSK modulation

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Forward Link Modulation Parameters

64 othoronal Walsh codes per sector to identify channels
(S/N is not infinite due to AWGN, multipath, and the neighboring cell)

Long code (period 2 42 -1) to scramble data

DS at 1.2288 Mcps
Every cell uses the same PN sequence (period 2 15 or 26.67ms)
and is identified by a pre-defined offset (64 x n chips)
Coherent QPSK demodulation
Diversity
time diversity: coding + interleaving
path diversity: soft handoff and RAKE receiver
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Logical Forward CDMA Channel

Forward CDMA Channel

Pilot
Chan
W0

Sync Paging
Chan Ch 1

...

W32

Up
to

W1

Paging Traffic
Ch 7 Ch 1
W7

...

W8
Traffic Data

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Traffic
Ch N

...
Up
to

Traffic Traffic
Ch 24 Ch 25
W31

W33

...
Up
to

Traffic
Ch 55
W63

Mobile Power
Control Sub-Channel

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Pilot Channel

Unmodulated signal
Unique per sector/cell
Signal level is 4~6 dB higher than traffic channel
Perfect phase/time/signal strength reference for MS
Used in initial system acquisition and handoff for MS
Walsh
Function
W0
Pilot
Channel
(All 0s)

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PN Chips
1.2288 Mcps

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Sync Channel
1200 bps
To convey pilot PN sequence offset, time of day, and long code
state to allow immediate sync of MS to the network

Walsh
Function
W32
Sync
Convolutional
Channel
Encoder
1.2
kbps
Bits
R=1/2, K=9

Code
Symbol
2.4 ksps

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Symbol
Repetition

Modulation
Symbol
4.8 ksps

Block
Interleaver

Modulation
Symbol

PN Chips
1.2288 Mcps

4.8 ksps

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Sync Channel Frame Structure

Sync channel message has length of 93 x N bits
Message
Length
(in bytes)

Data

8 bits

N MSG = 2 ~ 1146 bits

Sent in N superframes:

CRC

Padding
= 000...

30 bits

1 superframe (96 bits, 80 ms) = 3 sync channel frames

1 frame (32 bits, 26.67 ms) = 1-bit SOM + 31-bit data
SOM = 1 : start of message

Message contains:

system identification (SID) and network identification (NID)

PN sequence offset and long code state
system time, leap seconds, offset from UTC, etc.
paging channel data rate

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Paging Channels
4.8 k or 9.6 k bps
Same time alignment as the traffic channels
To page MS and to process other orders
Paging
Convolutional
Channel
Encoder
Bits 4.8 kbps R=1/2, K=9
or
9.6 kbps

Code
Symbol
9.6 ksps
or
19.2 ksps
Long Code
Mask for
Paging
Channel p

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Symbol
Repetition

Modulation
Symbol
19.2 ksps

Block
Interleaver

Walsh
Function
Wp
1p7
PN Chips
1.2288 Mcps

Modulation
Symbol
19.2 ksps

19.2 ksps

19.2 ksps
Long Code
Generator

Decimator
1.2288 Mcps
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Paging Channel Frame Structure

Synchronized paging channel message has length of 47 x N or 95 x N bits

Message
Length
(in bytes)

Data

8 bits

N MSG = 2 ~ 1146 bits

CRC

Padding
= 000...

30 bits

Sent in N paging channel slots:

1 slot (80 ms) = 8 paging channel half-frames
1 half-frame (10 ms, 48 or 96 bits) = 1-bit SCI + 47 (or 95)-bit data
SCI = 1 : start of a paging channel message

Message contains:

system parameters
access parameter (for access channel)
channel assignment
TMSI (temporary MS identification) assignment

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Forward Traffic Channels

9.6, 4.8, 2.4, or 1.2 k bps; 20 ms frames
Rate can be changed every frame
Add Frame
Forward Traffic
Quality Indicator
Channel
for 9600 &
Information 8.6 kbps
Bits for User m 4.0 kbps 4800 bps Rates
(172, 80, 40 or 2.0 kbps
16 bits/frame) 0.8 kbps
Modulation
Symbol
19.2 ksps
Long Code
Mask for
Paging
Channel p

Block
Interleaver
Long Code
Generator

9.2 kbps
4.4 kbps
2.0 kbps
0.8 kbps

Modulation
Symbol
19.2 ksps
Decimator

1.2288 Mcps

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Add 8-bit
Encoder
Tail

9.6 kbps
4.8 kbps
2.4 kbps
1.2 kbps

Convolutional
Encoder
R=1/2, K=9

Power
Control 800 bps
Bits

PN Chips
1.2288 Mcps
MUX

19.2 ksps
Decimator

19.2 kbps
9.6 kbps
4.8 kbps
2.4 kbps

Symbol
Repetition

800 Hz

Walsh
Function
Wm
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Forward Traffic Channel Frame Structure

9600 bps
Frame

4800 bps
Frame

2400 bps
Frame

1200 bps
Frame
F: Frame Quality Indicator (CRC)
T: Encoder
Bits
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192 bits (20 ms)

172

12

information bits

80

information bits

40

information bits

16

information bits

96 bits (20 ms)

48 bits (20 ms)

24 bits (20 ms)

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Forward Traffic Channel Frame Structure

For signaling
Message
Length
(in bytes)

Data

8 bits

N MSG = 16 ~ 1160 bits

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CRC

Padding
= 000...

16 bits

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Logical Reverse CDMA Channel

Reverse CDMA Channel

Access
Ch 1

...

Access
Ch n

Traffic
Ch 1

Traffic
Ch m

Address by Long Code PNs

n 32

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m 62

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Access Channels
To access the system, respond the page, make call origination
and process other messages between the MS and the BS
4.8 kbps slotted random access channel
MS is identified by orthogonal of long code

Access
Channel
Information
Bits
4.4
(88 bits/frame) kbps

Add 8-bit
Encoder
Tail

Code
Convolutional Symbol
Encoder
4.8
R=1/3, K=9
14.4
kbps
ksps
64-ary
Orthogonal
Modulator

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Symbol
Repetition

Code
Symbol
28.8
ksps

Block
Interleaver

Code
Symbol
28.8
ksps

4.8 ksps
Modulator
Symbol
(Walsh chip)

PN Chips 1.2288 Mcps

Long Code
Generator

Long Code Mask

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Long code mask contents

41

33 32

25 24

Access Channel Paging Channel Base Station

Number
Number
Identification

110001111

32 31

41

28 27

1100011000

Pilot Offset for the

Forward Channel

Access Channel Long Code Mask

Permuted ESN

Reverse Traffic Channel Public Long Code Mask

ESN=(E31, E30, E29, E28, E27, E26, E25, , E2, E1, E0)
Permuted ESN=(E0, E31, E22, E13, E4, E26, E17, E8, E30, E21, E12, E3, E25, E16,
E7, E29, E20, E11, E2, E24, E15, E6, E28, E19, E10, E1, E23, E14,
E5, E27, E18, E9)

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Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel
Is used by the MS to initiate communication with the BS & to respond to
Paging Channel message
Fixed data rate (4800 bps) & 20 ms frame duration

Access
Channel

Access Channel Message may carry

Origination of a call
Paging responses
Orders response
Data bursts
Acknowledgements to Paging Channel message
Registration
Basic frame structure
96 bits (20 ms)
Information Bits = 88 bits

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Encoder Tail
8 bits
Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel Frame Structure

Access channel message has length of 88 x N bits
Message
Length
(in bytes)

Data

8 bits

N MSG = 2 ~ 842 bits

CRC

Padding
= 000...

16 bits

Access channel slot is as

96 x (4+PAM_SZ+MAX_CAP_SZ) bits
Access Channel Preamble = 000000

Access Channel Frame

96 x (1+PAM_SZ) bits

96 bits

...

Access Channel Frame

96 bits

Access channel frame = 88-bits + 8-bit tail bits (all 0s)

The value of PAM_SZ and MAX_CAP_SZ are received on the paging
channel
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Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel Slot Structure

Is (3+MAX_CAP_SZ)+(1+PAM_SZ) Access Channel frames in length
An Access Channel slot begins & ends on an Access Channel frame
boundary.
Access Channel slots begin at Access Channel frames in which
t mod (4+MAX_CAP_SZ+PAM_SZ)=0 & t: system time in frames
Access Slot n
Access Channel
Slot Structure

Access Transmission
Max Length

Preamble

Access Slot
Boundary
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Access Slot n+1

Access Slot n+2

Access channel slot of five

20 ms Access Channel frames

Max Capsule Size

20 ms
Access channel frame
Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel Structure

0.02 (4+PAM_SZ+MAX_CAP_SZ) sec = 96 (4+PAM_SZ+MAX_CAP_SZ) bits

Access Channel Slot

20 ms = 96 bits

AC
Frame

AC
Frame

AC
Frame

1+ PAM_SZ frame=96 (1+ PAM_SZ)bits

Access Channel Preamble

AC
AC
Frame
Frame
Nf frames=96 Nf bits

AC T
Body

88 Nf bits

AC T AC
Body
Body T

Access Channel Message Capsule

8 MSG_Length bits
As Required

AC frame = Access Channel frame

Nf :: Number of Access Channel frames
needed for message transmission
T :: Encoder Tail bits
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Access Channel Message

8 bits
MSG
Length

2~842 bits
Message Body

Padding
30 bits
CRC

Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field (MSG_Length & CRC)

Access Channel Message Capsule
8 MSG_Length bits
As Required
Access Channel Message
8 bits
MSG
Length

2~842 bits
Message Body

Padding
30 bits

Access Channel field

(MSG_Length & CRC)

CRC

The CRC includes the MSG_Length & the message body.

The generator polynomial for the CRC is::
g(x)=X30+X29+X21+X20+X15+X13+X12+X11+X8+X7+X6+X2+1

The MS set the field of to the length of the message in octets, including
the MSG_Length, the message body & the CRC.
The field shall be 8 bits in length, & the MS shall limit the maximum
Access Channel length to 110 octets or 880 bits
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Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field (Message Body)

Access Channel Message Capsule
8 MSG_Length bits
As Required
Access Channel Message
8 bits
MSG
Length

Padding
30 bits

2~842 bits
Message Body

Access Channel field

(Message Body)

CRC

Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication

Identification field
field

Message Type

Reserved or others
as needed

Registration Message = 00000001

Order Message = 00000010
Data Burst Message = 00000011
Origination Message = 00000110
Page Response Message = 00000101
Authentication Challenge Response Message = 00000110
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Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field (Message Body)

Access Channel Message Capsule
8 MSG_Length bits
As Required
Access Channel Message
8 bits
MSG
Length

30 bits

2~842 bits
Message Body

Message Type

Access Channel field

(Message Body)

Padding

CRC

Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication

Identification field
field

Reserved or others
as needed

8 fields
ACK_SEQ:: Acknowledgement Sequence Number
ACK_REQ:: Acknowledgement Required Indicator
ACK_TYPE:: Acknowledgement Address Type
MSID_LEN:: MS Identifier field length

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MSG_SEQ:: Message Sequence Number

VALID_ACK:: Valid Acknowledgement Indicator
MSID_TYPE:: MS Identifier field type
MSID:: MS Identifier

Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field (Message Body)

Access Channel Message Capsule
8 MSG_Length bits
As Required
Access Channel Message
8 bits
MSG
Length

30 bits

2~842 bits
Message Body

Message Type

Padding

CRC

Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication

Identification field
field

AUTH_MODE: Authentication mode

AUTHR: Authentication data
RANDC: Random Challenge value
COUNT: Call history parameter

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Access Channel field

(Message Body)

Reserved or others
as needed

4 fields

Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field: Registration Message

Access Channel Message Capsule
8 MSG_Length bits
As Required
Access Channel Message
8 bits
MSG
Length

2~842 bits
Message Body

Padding
30 bits
CRC

Access Channel field

Registration
Message
REG_TYPE SLOT_CYCLE MOB_P_REV SCM
(4 bits) INDEX(3 bits)
(8 bits)
(8 bits)

MOB_TERM
(1 bits)

Reserved
(6 bits)

Registration
RegistrationMessage
Message
Message Type

Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication

Identification field
field

Reserved or others
as needed
AUTH_MODE AUTHR
RANDC
COUNT
(2 bits)
(0 or 18 bits) (0 or 8 bits) (0 or 6 bits)

00000001
ACK_SEQ
(3 bits)

MSG_SEQ
(3 bits)

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ACK_REQ VALID_ACK ACK_TYPE MSID_TYPE MSID_LEN

MSID
(1 bits)
(1 bits)
(3 bits)
(3 bits)
(4 bits) (8MSID_LEN)

Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field: Order Message

Access Channel Message Capsule
8 MSG_Length bits
As Required
Access Channel Message
8 bits
MSG
Length

Access Channel field

Order Message

Padding
30 bits

2~842 bits

CRC

Message Body

Reversed
(2 bits)

Order
(6 bits)

Order-specific
ADDR_
field if used
RECORD_LEN
(8 Add_record_len bits)
(3 bits)

Reserved
(5 bits)

Order
OrderMessage
Message
Message Type

Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication

Identification field
field

00000010

Reserved or others
as needed

Does NOT have This Field

ACK_SEQ
(3 bits)

MSG_SEQ
(3 bits)

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ACK_REQ VALID_ACK ACK_TYPE MSID_TYPE MSID_LEN

MSID
(1 bits)
(1 bits)
(3 bits)
(3 bits)
(4 bits) (8MSID_LEN)

Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field: Data Burst Message

Access Channel Message Capsule
8 MSG_Length bits
As Required
Access Channel Message
8 bits
MSG
Length

2~842 bits
Message Body

Access Channel field

Data Burst Message

Padding
30 bits
CRC

MSG_
NUMBER
(8 bits)

Burst_TYPE NUM_MSGS SNUM_FIELD

(6 bits)
(8 bits)
(8 bits)

CHARi
(8 bits)

Data
DataBurst
BurstMessage
Message
Message Type

Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication

Identification field
field

Reserved or others
as needed
AUTH_MODE AUTHR
RANDC
COUNT
(2 bits)
(0 or 18 bits) (0 or 8 bits) (0 or 6 bits)

00000011
ACK_SEQ
(3 bits)

MSG_SEQ
(3 bits)

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ACK_REQ VALID_ACK ACK_TYPE MSID_TYPE MSID_LEN

MSID
(1 bits)
(1 bits)
(3 bits)
(3 bits)
(4 bits) (8MSID_LEN)

Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field: Origination Message

Access Channel Message

8 bits
MSG
Length

2~842 bits
Message Body

Padding
30 bits
CRC

Access Channel field

Origination Message
1
(1 bits)
2
(3 bits)
3
(8 bits)
4
(8 bits)
5
(3 bits)
6
(1 bits)
7
(0 or 16 bits)
8
(1 bits)
9
(1 bits)
10
(0 o 3 bits)
11
(0 or 4 bits)
12
(1 bits)
13
(8 bits)
14
(4 or 8 bits)
15
(1 bits)
16
(0~7 bits)

Access Channel Message Capsule

8 MSG_Length bits
As Required

Origination
OriginationMessage
Message
Message Type

Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication

Identification field
field

00000100
ACK_SEQ
(3 bits)

NUM_FIELDS occurrences of this field

Reserved or others
as needed
AUTH_MODE AUTHR
RANDC
COUNT
(2 bits)
(0 or 18 bits) (0 or 8 bits) (0 or 6 bits)

MSG_SEQ
(3 bits)

ACK_REQ VALID_ACK ACK_TYPE MSID_TYPE MSID_LEN

MSID
(1 bits)
(1 bits)
(3 bits)
(3 bits)
(4 bits) (8MSID_LEN)

1:: MOB_TERM 2::SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX 3::MOB_P_REV 4::SCM 5::REQUEST_MODE 6::SPECIAL_SERVICE 7::SERVICE_OPATION 8::PM

9:DIGIT_MODE 10::NUMBER_TYPE 11::NUMBER_PLAN 12::MORE_FIELDS 13::NUM_FIELDS 14::CHARi 15::NAR_AN_CAP 16::RESERVED
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ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field: Page Response Message

Access Channel Message Capsule
8 MSG_Length bits
As Required

RESERVED
(5 bits)

NAR_AN
_CAP
(1 bits)

PM
(1 bits)

SERVICE_
OPTION
(16 bits)

REQUEST_
MODE
(3 bits)

CRC

SCM
(8 bits)

Message Body

30 bits

MOB_
P_REV
(8 bits)

2~842 bits

SLOT_CYCLE
INDEX
(3 bits)

8 bits
MSG
Length

Padding
MOB_
TERM
(1 bits)

Access Channel Message

Access Channel field

Page Response
Message

Page
PageResponse
ResponseMessage
Message
Message Type

Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication

Identification field
field

00000101
ACK_SEQ
(3 bits)

Reserved or others
as needed
AUTH_MODE AUTHR
RANDC
COUNT
(2 bits)
(0 or 18 bits) (0 or 8 bits) (0 or 6 bits)

MSG_SEQ
(3 bits)

ACK_REQ VALID_ACK ACK_TYPE MSID_TYPE MSID_LEN

MSID
(1 bits)
(1 bits)
(3 bits)
(3 bits)
(4 bits) (8MSID_LEN)

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ATC/CCL/ITRI

Access Channel field:

Authentication Challenge Response Message
Access Channel Message Capsule
8 MSG_Length bits
As Required
Access Channel Message
8 bits
MSG
Length

2~842 bits
Message Body

Padding

Access Channel field

Authentication Challenge
Response Message

30 bits
CRC

RESERVED
(4 bits)

Authentication
AuthenticationChallenge
ChallengeResponse
ResponseMessage
Message
Message Type

00000110
ACK_SEQ
(3 bits)

Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication

Identification field
field

Reserved or others
as needed
RESERVED
AUTHR
(2 bits)
(0 or 18 bits)

MSG_SEQ
(3 bits)

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ACK_REQ VALID_ACK ACK_TYPE MSID_TYPE MSID_LEN

MSID
(1 bits)
(1 bits)
(3 bits)
(3 bits)
(4 bits) (8MSID_LEN)

Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Reverse Traffic Channels

Variable data rates and format are as forward traffic channel. But transmission duty
cycle is reduced accordingly. (Bits are not repeated on this channel.)
Message format is identical to the forward traffic channel.

Code
Add
Frame
Reverse Traffic
Symbol
Convolutional
Add 8-bit
Symbol
Quality
Indicator
Channel
Encoder
Encoder
for 9600 &
Information Bits 8.6 kbps
28.8 ksps Repetition
9.2 kbps
9.6 kbps
R=1/3, K=9
Tail
(172, 80, 40 or 4.0 kbps 4800 bps Rates
14.4 ksps
4.4 kbps
4.8 kbps
16 bits/frame) 2.0 kbps
7.2 ksps
2.0 kbps
2.4 kbps
3.6 ksps
0.8 kbps
0.8 kbps
1.2 kbps
Code
Modulation Frame Data Rate
Symbol
PN Chips
Code
Symbol
64-ary
1.2288 Mcps
Symbol
(Walsh chip) Data Burst
28.8 ksps
Block
Orthogonal
Randomizer
Interleaver
28.8 ksps Modulator 4.8 ksps
Long Code
(307.2 kcps)
Mask
Long Code
Generator
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ATC/CCL/ITRI

Reverse CDMA Channel Signal Generation

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ATC/CCL/ITRI

Reverse Channel Modulator (Spreading)

Identical I, Q signals; but different I, Q PN sequences (long code +
short code)
OQPSK modulation

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Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Reverse Link Modulation Parameters

20 ms interleaver for time diversity
Orthogonal 64-ary Walsh modulation symbols
Long code of period 2 42 -1 (for channel identification)
concatenated with PN codes of length 2 15.
Noncoherent OQPSK
Diversity
time diversity: coding + interleaving
path diversity: RAKE receiver
spatial diversity: 2 Rx antennas (4 Rx antennas available during handoff)

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Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Reverse Channel Demodulation

System with 4 fingers and 8 searchers
Antenna A

Antenna B

Nocoherent Maximal Ratio Combining

Soft Decisions to Viterbi Decoder

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ATC/CCL/ITRI

Signaling Flow of Registration Process

MS notifies BS of its presence (location, status, identification,
etc.) in the system
IS-95 supports the following registration types:

power-up registration
power-down registration
timer-based registration
distance-based registration
zone-based registration
parameter-change registration
ordered registration
implicit registration

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ATC/CCL/ITRI

Signaling Flow of Registration Process

MS

BS

New
VLR

MSC

Old
VLR

HLR

Register Determination
Global Challenge
Register
Validate RAND
ISDN REGISTER

REGISTER

IS-41 REGNOT
Database Update

ISDN
REGISTER

REGISTER
Response

IS-41 REGCANC
Confirm
REGNOT Response

Register Confirm
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Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI

Initialization and Call Processing of MS

Acquires the pilot channel

Receives the sync channel with sync channel message
Adjust to system timing
Receives the paging channel message
Sends origination message (also registration) on the access
channel
Receives channel assignment message on the paging channel
Initializes the traffic channel
Enters conversion substate
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Chung-Wei Ku
ATC/CCL/ITRI