This document provides information about hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Some key points:
- H2S is a colorless, flammable gas with a rotten egg smell that occurs naturally and is produced industrially and by bacterial decomposition.
- It is highly poisonous, heavier than air, easily soluble in water, and can exist as a liquid or gas. Exposure can cause irritation, asphyxiation by paralyzing the respiratory center of the brain, and acute or chronic health effects.
- Sources of exposure include natural sources like volcanoes, wastewater treatment plants, refineries, and industries involving petroleum, paper, sugar, or leather. Protective measures, ventilation,
This document provides information about hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Some key points:
- H2S is a colorless, flammable gas with a rotten egg smell that occurs naturally and is produced industrially and by bacterial decomposition.
- It is highly poisonous, heavier than air, easily soluble in water, and can exist as a liquid or gas. Exposure can cause irritation, asphyxiation by paralyzing the respiratory center of the brain, and acute or chronic health effects.
- Sources of exposure include natural sources like volcanoes, wastewater treatment plants, refineries, and industries involving petroleum, paper, sugar, or leather. Protective measures, ventilation,
This document provides information about hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Some key points:
- H2S is a colorless, flammable gas with a rotten egg smell that occurs naturally and is produced industrially and by bacterial decomposition.
- It is highly poisonous, heavier than air, easily soluble in water, and can exist as a liquid or gas. Exposure can cause irritation, asphyxiation by paralyzing the respiratory center of the brain, and acute or chronic health effects.
- Sources of exposure include natural sources like volcanoes, wastewater treatment plants, refineries, and industries involving petroleum, paper, sugar, or leather. Protective measures, ventilation,
This document provides information about hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Some key points:
- H2S is a colorless, flammable gas with a rotten egg smell that occurs naturally and is produced industrially and by bacterial decomposition.
- It is highly poisonous, heavier than air, easily soluble in water, and can exist as a liquid or gas. Exposure can cause irritation, asphyxiation by paralyzing the respiratory center of the brain, and acute or chronic health effects.
- Sources of exposure include natural sources like volcanoes, wastewater treatment plants, refineries, and industries involving petroleum, paper, sugar, or leather. Protective measures, ventilation,
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, flammable, extremely
hazardous gas with a rotten egg smell. Some common
names for the gas include sewer gas, stink damp, swamp gas and manure gas. It occurs naturally in crude petroleum, natural gas, and hot springs. In addition, hydrogen sulfide is produced by bacterial breakdown of organic materials and human and animal wastes (e.g., sewage). Industrial activities that can produce the gas include petroleum/natural gas drilling and refining, wastewater treatment, coke ovens, tanneries, and kraft paper mills. Hydrogen sulfide can also exist as a liquid compressed gas. (OSHA,2005)
CHARACTERISTIC Hydrogen sulfide is a highly poisonous, invisible, and explosive gas. Heavier than air Easily soluble in water Solubility H2S in water : 437 ml /100 ml water on 0oc ; 186 ml/100 ml water on 40oc ; LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) = 4,3% UEL (Upper Explosive Limit) = 45% Autoignition Temperature = 500oF (260oC) ; Boiling Point = -60,4oC; Freezing Point = -85,5oC Molecular Weight = 34,08; Short term exposure limit = 15 ppm
SOURCE & OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
Nature Vulcanic Gases Damp Areas Sulfur-Containing Material Decomposing by Bacterial Action Etc.
Industry Undesirable by Products ( Petrochemical Industry, Beet Sugar Plants, Leather Tannaries, Sewage Treatment, etc)
Occupational Exposure Sewage treatment plant workers, miners, metallurgies, silo workers, sugar beet processors, tannery workers, viscous rayon and cellophane workers, chemical plant workers (manufacturing of sulfuric acids, barium salts, etc.) are at greatest risk of exposure.
ABSORPTION In Industrial exposure, H2S absorption only through respiratory tract (inhalation)
EXCRETION Only a small proportion (less than 10%) of the
amount absorbed is excreted unchanged in expired
air. The metabolites of hydrogen sulfide (sulfates,
thiosulfates) are excreted in the urine.
BIOTRANSFORMATION
Hydrogen sulfide undergoes rapid oxidation to sulfates.
It acts as an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase (Warburgs respiratory
enzyme).
Asphyxia
Beside causing irritation on eyes and respiration tract, h2s also inhibit the activities of cytochrome oxsidase enzyme which serves to turn ionic oxygen became oxygen molecule, so the body cells cant using oxygen is carried away by blood and this situation will causing asphyxia. (H2S classified as chemical asphyxiant)
CHEMICAL ASPHYXIATION
Hydrogen sulfide paralysis the respiratory center
of the brain and the olfactory nerve.
At sufficiently high levels, these chemicals
asphyxiants can cause almost instantaneous collapse and unconsciousness.
ACUTE & CHRONIC EFFECT
Accute Effect
Hydrogen sulfide has a direct irritant action on the eyes, which sometimes leads to keratoconjunctivitis.
It is also an irritant of the respiratory tract and may cause bronchitis or even pulmonary edema.
High concentrations have paralyzing effects on the olfactory apparatus and the odor of the gas is no longer perceived.
Symptoms of acute poisonings include : irritation of the eyes and airways, headache, vertigo, giddiness, drowsiness and retrosternal pain.
In severe poisoning, coma, convulsions, and death may occur, sometimes within a few seconds.
CHRONIC EFFECT Nonspecific symptoms and disorders such as impaired sleep, headache, vertigo, poor concentration, lability of mood, hyperhydrosis, automatic nervous system impairment, chronic bronchitis, and dyspepsia are accepted by some authorities as resulting from long-term exposure to concentrations of H2S lower than those causing acute poisoning. Others do not accept the existence of chronic poisoning.
FIRE TRIANGLE Hea t
Oxygen
Fuel
FIRE TRIANGLE In order for a fire to start
or be sustained you need
to have a fuel, an oxidizer and an ignition source. If one of the three components is eliminated, than there will not be a fire (or explosion). 12
Incompatible Materials 13
FLAMMABLE LIMIT
4,3 %
45 % 14
Flammable/Explosive Range
< 4,3%
4,3%- 45%
> 45%
UDARA
UDARA
UDARA
Bensin 15
RESPIRATORY AIRWAYS
FLAMMABLE (RED COLOR)
4 Extremely flammable 3 Ignites at normal temperatures. 2 Ignites when moderately heated. 1 Must be preheated to burn. 0 Will not burn.
EKA
1 7
FIRST AID PROCEDURE
Segera pindahkan korban ke suatu tempat yang berudara segar Bila korban mengeluh sesak napas, segera beri oksigen Bila korban berhenti bernapas segera lakukan pernapasan buatan dan bawalah ke rumah sakit. Immediately move victim to fresh air somewhere When the victims complained of shortness of breath , give oxygen immediately When the victim stops breathing immediately did CPR and take it to the hospital .
PREVENTIVE Adequate ventilation Using PPE (Chemical respirator/Chemical Cartridge respirator, canister gas mask or supplied-air respirator, and chemical goggles) Medical check before working, periodical and specifically: a focussed his eyes, nerves, cardio vascular and respiratory system. Monitoring work environment For those who suffer heart disease , the respiratory tract , kerato-conjuctivitis , arteriosclerosis of the brain , and need to avoid anemi from exposure hydrogen sulphide .
SUBSTITUTION Some well known examples of substitution : Materials Replacement of cancer and mesothelioma causing asbestos fibers by safer synthetic substitutes (glass and rock wool, ceramic fibers). Removal of benzene (causes leukemia) as an industrial solvent and replacement by less hazardous aromatic solvents e.g. xylene. Replacement of carbon tetrachloride for dry cleaning with less toxic perchloroethylene.
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VENTILATION
CHOICE OF VENTILATION TYPE
How the hazards present themselves in
the workplace (e.g. are they generated
at point sources, or diffused such as from cigarette smoke or building furnishings). The degree of risk associated with each
hazard (e.g. a little or a lot, very toxic
hazards or low toxicity hazards.
NATURAL DILUTION VENTILATION
Important features of natural dilution
ventilation are : It uses large volume of fresh made-up air to dilute the contaminant and sweep it outside the workplace. Air velocity needs only to be relatively low.
NATURE VENTILATION
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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Lembar data yang memberi informasi tentang bahaya potensial dan aspek K3 dari penggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya. MSDS harus : Tersedia di tempat Kerja Mudah diakses Dipahami oleh pengguna Dipelihara dan diperbaharui.
Environmental monitoring account
neither for skin absorption, accumulation, the use of personal protective equipment, differences in physical activity, working habits, and personal hygiene nor for nonoccupational exposure, while biological monitoring accounts for all of these.
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PEMERIKSAAN KESEHATAN TENAGA KERJA Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Awal Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Berkala Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Khusus
PEMERIKSAAN AWAL
Pemeriksaan kesehatan ini bertujuan agar
tenaga kerja yang diterima berada dalam kondisi kesehatan yang setinggi-tinginya, tidak menderita penyakit menular yang dapat menularkan penyakitnya pada tenaga kerja lain, dan untuk menyerasikan tenaga kerja dengan pekerjaan yang akan dilakukan sedemikian rupa sehingga kesehatan dan keselamatan tenaga kerja yang bersangkutan dan tenaga kerja lainnya dapat terjamin.
28
PEMERIKSAAN BERKALA Pemeriksaan kesehatan ini bertujuan untuk menilai sedini mungkin adanya pengaruh dari pekerjaan atau lingkungan kerja. Selain itu, pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala bertujuan pula untuk menilai efektifitas dari usaha pencegahan yang telah dilakukan oleh perusahaan.
29
PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS Pemeriksaan kesehatan ini perlu diselenggarakan bagi : 1. Tenaga kerja yang baru sembuh dari penyakit atau kecelakaan yang memerlukan perawatan lebih dari 2 (dua) minggu. 2. Tenaga kerja yang berusia lebih dari 40 tahun atau tenaga kerja wanita, tenaga kerja cacat dan tenaga kerja yang berusia muda yang melakukan pekerjaan tertentu. 30
Use of PPE can be an
effective part of the health and safety program in the workplace. But it will only work if it is : Selected carefully Used and maintained properly Monitor carefully
PPE is often uncomfortable, making it
difficult to work effectively.
This make cause stress, increase the time
spent working in dangerous environments,
and make it less likely that PPE will be used to the full extent it should be.
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING
RESPIRATORS Expected concentration of each
respiratory hazard; Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration; Oxygen concentration or expected oxygen concentration; Eye irritation potential; and Environmental factors, such as presence of oil aerosols.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Respirators protect you from breathing
hazardous airborne contaminants.
They must be properly selected, fitted, and maintained. Most important, you must know their proper uses and limitations. If the contaminants in your work environment require you to wear a respirator, wear it.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION Exposure to high concentrations of a toxic
substance, even for a short time, can cause
serious injury or death. Exposure to low concentrations of certain toxic substances can cause permanent damage to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or other organs. Work environments can be fatal if the oxygen content of the air is too low.
Hydrogen peroxide uses for the body: 31 5 Minute Remedies! Discover Uses for Hydrogen Peroxide including Mouthwash & Bad Breath, Teeth Whitening, Acne, Ear Wax, Hair, Allergy & Nasal Spray and MORE
Hydrogen peroxide uses for the body: 31 5 Minute Remedies! Discover Uses for Hydrogen Peroxide including Mouthwash & Bad Breath, Teeth Whitening, Acne, Ear Wax, Hair, Allergy & Nasal Spray and MORE
