1

Optical Fiber
Networks
By

Dr. Muhammad Khalil Shahid

Optical Fiber Networks

Agenda
Basics of optical fiber communication
system
Advantages and disadvantages of O F
transmission
Pre SDH System
SDH System
DWDM System
ONU/OLT
3

Important Terms/Definitions
Wavelength:

The distance between two successive peaks of a wave

The length of the light wave, which determines its color. Common units of
measurement are the micron, the nanometer (10 -9)

Bandwidth:

The measure of how quickly you can move information from one point to
another (bits/s)
It's similar to roadways - a four-lane highway can carry more traffic than a
two-lane highway.

Bit:
A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1.
For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long
dB/dBm:
loss/gain is measured in dB, it is a logrithmic ratio
dB = 10 log10 (P1/P2)
dBm is a power level above I milli Watt,
dBm = 10 log (power / 1 mW)

General Communication System

Optical Communication System

Telecommunication bands
Optical telecommunication in the near & short infrared is technically often
separated Or

O-band 1,2601,360nm ---------- Original

E-band 1,3601,460nm ---------- Extended
S-band 1,4601,530nm------------- Short wavelength
C-band 1,5301,565nm----------- Conventional
L-band 1,5651,625nm------------ Long Wavelength
U-band 1,6251,675nm-----------Ultra long wave
length

Optical Windows

10

Optical Fiber Cable

11

Optical Fiber Cable

12

FIBER Cable CONSISTS OF

Core
Innermost region of the fiber
Used to transmit the light

Cladding

13

prevented the light from leaking out of the core

by reflecting the light within the boundaries of the
core.

Concept Of Reflecting

14

The angle at which light is reflected

is dependent on the refractive
indices of the two materials .
In our case, the core and the
cladding
The lower refractive index of the
cladding (with respect to the core)
causes the light to be angled back
into the core

Total Internal Reflection

15

Refractive Index

16

The refractive index of a medium is a measure for how

much the speed of light is reduced inside the medium
For example, typical Soda Lime Glass has a refractive
index of 1.5, which means that in glass, light travels at 1 /
1.5 = 0.67 times the speed of light in a vacuum

Transmission of Optical
Signals in
Optical Fibers

n>n1
Incident angle > Critical Angle
Total Internal Reflection

17

Types of Fibers
Single-Mode Step Index

Multi-Mode Step Index

Multi-Mode Graded Index

Single Mode Graded Index

18

Types of Fibers
Single-Mode:
Have only one wavelength
Laser diode is used as optical source
Uses for long haul transmission and AN

Multi-Mode
Have thousands of wave lengths
LED is used as optical source
Uses in high speed LAN
Cheaper fiber
Cheaper system

19

Types of optical fibers

20

G.652: A single-mode optical fiber that has a

nominal zero-dispersion wavelength in the 1310nm
transmission region. (dispersion un-shifted fiber)
G.653: Dispersion-shifted fiber; zero dispersion at
1550nm transmission region
G.655: Non-zero dispersion fiber; used in 1550nm
transmission region. Less dispersion coefficient,
dispersion limited transmission distance can be
hundreds of km

SMF Loss

21

Fiber Type

G.652

G.653

G.655

Typical loss value

(1310 nm)

0.3 dB/km ~ 0.4 dB/km

Typical loss value

(1550 nm)

0.15 dB/km ~ 0.25

dB/km

0.19 dB/km ~
0.25dB/km

0.19 dB/km ~ 0.25

dB/km

Working window

1310 nm and 1550 nm

1550 nm

1550 nm

Advantages of Optical Fiber

Communication
1) Large Bandwidth more Data
2) Small Physical Size
3) Light Weight
4) Electrical Isolation / Non
Conductor
5) Immunity to Interference
6) Immunity to Cross Talk
7) Signal Security
8) Low Transmission Loss
9) Flexibility
10)Low Cost /bit(Installation ,
Maintenance and Bandwidth)

22

Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication

12) High-Quality Transmission
BER:

Typically 10-09 to 10-11 & 10-12 for Optical Fiber Medium

BER:

Typically 10-05 to 10-07 for Copper and Microwave Media

13) Environmental Stability

-Low temperatures as 20 to 40 Celsius increase in attenuation in optical
fiber, while in copper cables temperature has continuous effects)
-Lower Corrosion Rates

23

Main Disadvantage Of Fiber Optics

Expensive to install
ROW, labour

24

Dangerous for eyes

More fragile than wire and are difficult to split

Factor Affecting Performance

of Optical Fiber Transmission
1)Attenuation (reduction in strength of signal):

decrease the transmission distance,

measure in dB/Km

2) Dispersion

25

Scattering of lightreduce the data rate

Types Of Network Elements (NE)

26

Terminal Multiplexer (TM )

Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Optical Amplifiers (OA)

Digital Cross Connect (DXC)

Regenerators

Types of Networks
1) Point-to-Point Network

TM

27

TM

2) Point-to-Multi Point Network

TM

TM

28

TM

ADM

ADM

TM

TM

3)Ring Network

ADM-1

ADM-4

ADM-2

ADM-3

29

4) Mesh Network

ADM
ADM

ADM

30

ADM

ADM

5) Composite Network

31

Optical Fiber Systems

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing)

32

Synchronous & Plesiochronous ?

All the NEs use the same clock and are synchronized
with the one clock source (PRC) in Synchronous
operations
Plesiochronous:
Plesio means Nearly. If two networks need to inter-work,
their clocks may be derived from two different PRCs.
Even if these clocks are extremely accurate, there is
always a small frequency difference among them.

33

PDH

Pre SDH Standard

3 standards..European, Japanese, North America

European Standard in Pakistan

Complex Multiplexing structure

Weak monitoring

34

PDH Data Rates

PCM 64Kbps
E1 2.048 Mbps (30 x64 Kbps)
E2 8.448 Mbps
E3 34.368 Mbps
E4 139.264 Mbps
E5 565
Mbps

35

PDH Standards & Rates

European Standard

Japanese Standard

E5 565Mb/s
E4

x4
139Mb/s

E3

x4
34Mb/s

E2

x4
8Mb/s
x4
2Mb/s

E1

1.6Gb/s
x4
400Mb/s

274Mb/s

x4
x6

100Mb/s
x3

45Mb/s

32Mb/s
x5

J2

T3

x7
6.3Mb/s

6.3Mb/s
x4

J1
36

North American
Standard

x4
1.5Mb/s

T1

T2

Adding & Dropping in PDH

Optical

140/34
Mb/s
E4
34/8

Electrical
8/34

E3

De-multiplexing

Optical

E4

E3

E2
8/2 Mb/s

E2

E1

E
1
2 Mb/s

37

34/140
Mb/s

2/8 Mb/s

Multiplexing

Limitations of PDH
Impossible to interconnect three Incompatible
PDH standards
No worldwide optical interface standard
Week Monitoring due to insufficient capacity
for network management
No direct extraction of lower order signal
Lower data rates for current and future
demands

38

SDH

39

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH is a hierarchical set of digital transport
structures, standardized for the transport of
suitably adapted payloads over physical
transmission networks
An integrated transmission network managed by
a powerful network management system

SDH Bit Rates

STM-1: 155.52 Mbps
STM-4: 622.08 Mbps
STM-16: 2.488.32 Gbps
STM-64: 9.95 Gbps
STM-256: 40 Gbps

40

SDH Signal Rates

STM-N

Line Rate
E1
(Mb/s)
Capacity

E3
Capacity

E4
Capacity

N=1

155.52

63

N=4

622.08

252

12

N=16

2488.32

1008

48

16

N=64

9953.28

4032

192

64

N=256

39813.12

16128

768

256

* STM-0 is not SDH signal rate, however, it is equal to SONET basic rat

41

SDH Network Elements

Four Types

ADM:

Add Drop Multiplexer

TM:

Termination Multiplexer

DCS:

Digital Cross Connect

REG:

42

Repeater (Regenerator)

Adding & Dropping in SDH

SDH: Direct & Simple to add/drop electrical signal

Optical Interface

ADM

2 Mb/s

Electrical Signal

43

Optical Interface

Advantages of SDH

More Capacity

Easy to interconnect different systems

simple and direct adding or dropping of

electrical signals

44

Network Management System (NMS)

Flexible and self-healing networks (protection)

Advantages of SDH

All current PDH signals can be transmitted within the

SDH except 8 Mb/s (E2) which has no container.

A reduction in the amount of equipment & an

increase in network reliability.

45

Compatible.PDH, ATM, DQDB

Disadvantages of SDH
Lower Bandwidth utilization
Complicated SDH equipments due to variety
of management traffic types and options
Software based..vulnerable to computer
viruses,
software
bugs,
configuration
problems, etc.
Direct add/drop needs pointer, which make it
complex and introduce jitter
Cant carry E2 due to un-availability of
container.

46

47

SDH Terminology
SDH refers to the rates and formats specified by ITU-T
for synchronous data transmission over fiber optic
networks.
Few Common Standards of SDH
ITU-T G.707: Network Node Interface for SDH
ITU-T G.781: Structure of Recommendations on Equipment for SDH
ITU-T G.783: Characteristics of SDH Equipment Functional Blocks
ITU-T G.803: Architecture of Transport Networks Based on SDH

48

SDH Frame Structure

1

SOH

3
4 AU-PTR
5

STM-N Payload
(including POH)

SOH
9
9N

261N
270N

Block frame structure

In units of byte (8 bits)
Rate: 8000 frames/s, frame cycle: 125s

49

RS, MS, and Path Overheads

Difference among POH, MSOH, & RSOH
Repeater
Term
Mux

Add-Drop
Mux

Repeater

Term
Mux

POH
MSOH
RSOH
Path OH end to end circuit
Multiplex Section OH multiplexer to multiplexer
Regenerator Section OH repeater to adjacent node or vice versa
50

Section Overhead (SOH)

Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH)

MSOH supervises each STM-1 of STM-N frame

Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH)

RSOH supervises the whole STM-N frame

51

Path Overhead (POH)

Lower order POH (LPOH)

Higher order (HPOH)

---HPOH and LPOH are used for VC4, VC3, and

VC12 monitoring

52

SDH Overhead Overview

RSOH
SOH

MSOH
Overhead
HighOrderPOH

POH
LowOrderPOH

53

STM-1 Section Overhead

R
S
O
H

M
S
O
H

A1

A1

A1

A2

A2

B1
D1

E1
D2

B2

AU-PTR
B2
K1

B2

A2

J0

F1
D3

R
O
w
S

K2

D4
D7

D5
D8

D6
D9

D10
S1

D11

D12
E2

M1
9 Columns

Domestic Use

Transmission Media Usage

Blank indicate Future Use
54

Frame Time=125s

Payload

55

where services are put in the STM-N

frame
2M, 34M or 140M information is packed and
put in the payload. It is then carried by STMN signal to send over SDH nodes
If we take STM-N frame as a truck, the
payload section can be looked as the
carriage of the truck

Administrative Unit Pointer (AU-PTR)

Locate lower rate signal inside a higher rate

signal of a STM-N frame (payload).

comprises of 9 bytes

The address range inside which the VC-4 is

able to float starts right after the AU pointer
block & extends until address 782 in the next
STM-1 frame

56

AU-PTR
AU-4 pointer addresses only every 3rd payload
byte.
Last 3 bytes (H3) of AU-PTR are provided as
additional transmission capacity in order to
equalize clock difference.
Justification operation (positive or negative) can be
carried out no more than once in every 3 rd STM-1
frame.
AU-PTR bytes: H1, Y, Y, H2, 1, 1, H3, H3, H3
H1=N N N N S S I D; H2=I D I D I D I D

57

10 bit pointer value indicated by I & D bits

Mapping (Mode & Structure)

Low Rate SDH High Rate SDH: Byte Interleave
PDH STM-N: Synchronous Multiplexing &
Flexible Mapping
140MSTM-N
34MSTM-N
2MSTM-N
No container for E2 (8 Mbps)

58

Container
Container is an information structure, mainly incharge of adaptation functions so that
commonly used PDH signals can occupy fixed
space
ITU-T G.709 recommendations have stipulated
5 kinds of standard containers:
C-11, C-12, C-2, C-3 & C-4

59

Container (C-4)
C-4 container is 260x9 bytes in dimension
(2340 bytes or 18720 bits)
Actual bits required by E4 signal are
139.264/8000=17408 bits
Remaining extra bits are used for clock
alignment, justification, opportunity bits,
justification control bits, & overhead bits.

60

Container (C-3)
C-3 container is 9x84 bytes (756 bytes or 6048 bits)
Only 3xC-3 (3x6048 bit) of maximum can be
transmitted in one STM-1
Actual space required by E3 signal is 34.368 Mbps /
8000 = 4296 bits
The reason for over capacity is a recommendation
by ITU-T specifying that the transmission of a
44.736 Mbps (T3) signal must also be carried out in
container C-3. (44.736 Mbps/8000=5593 bits which
is still less than 6048 bits.

61

Container (C-12)
C-12 container is 34 bytes or 272 bits in size.
Actual space required by E1 signal is 2.048
Mbps/8000=256 bits.
Over capacity bits include clock alignment,
justification opportunity bits, justification control
bits, & overhead bits.
63 E1s can be transmitted through one STM-1.

62

Virtual Container

The digital flow from the standard container

combined with path overhead forms a virtual
container (VC).
C-4 + POH (9 bytes) = VC-4 (9x261 bytes)
C-3 + POH (9 bytes) = VC-3 (9x85 bytes)
C-12 + POH (1 byte) = VC-12 (35 bytes)

It is the most important information structure in

SDH which supports path layer connection.

63

AU & TU

The Administration Unit (AU) is an information

structure that performs adaptation functions for
the high order path layer and multiplexing
segment layer.
AU-4 = AU-PTR + VC-4

64

The Tributary Unit (TU) is an information structure

that performs adaptation functions for the low
order path layer and high order path layer.
TU-3 = VC-3 + PTR (3 bytes)
TU-12 = VC-12 + PTR (one byte)

TU-3 Pointer

65

Consists of 3 pointer bytes H1, H2, H3

TU-3 = VC-3 + 3 bytes pointer

TU-12 Pointer

66

TU-12 = PTR (one byte) + VC-12 (35 bytes)

TUG and AUG

TUG-3 = TU-3 + 6 Justification Bytes
TUG-2 = 3 x TU-12
TUG-3 = 7 x TUG-2
One or more AU with fixed locations in the STMN frame form an Administration Unit Group
(AUG). A single AU-4 can form one
Administration Unit Group (AUG).

67

AUG is useful for the AU-3 multiplexing, but

meaningless for AU-4 multiplexing.

Mapping

68

A process used when tributaries are adapted into

Virtual Containers (VCs) by adding justification
bits and Path Overhead (POH) information

Its essence is to make the various tributary

signals synchronized with related virtual
containers so that VC can be an independent
entity in the transmission, multiplexing and cross
connection

Alignment
This process takes place when a pointer is
included in a Tributary Unit (TU) or an
Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the first byte of
the Virtual Container to be located.
By setting the pointer, it can provide a flexible
and dynamic method for alignment of VC in the
unit (TU or AU-4) frame.

69

Multiplexing

70

This process is used when multiple lower-order

path layer signals are adapted into a higherorder path signal, or when the higher-order path
signals are adapted into a Multiplex Section.

This type of multiplexing comes

synchronous multiplexing category

under

Stuffing
When tributary signals are multiplexed &
aligned, some spare capacity is required in
SDH frames to provide space for various
tributary rates
This space capacity is filled with "fixed stuffing"
bits that carry no information, but are required
to
fill
up
the
particular
frame.

71

Mapping & Multiplexing procedures

x3
Multiplexing

x3
Multiplexing

AU PTR

xN
STM-N

LO POH

x1
AUG-4

xN Multiplexing

AU-4

VC-4

TUG-3

TUG-2

TU-12

TU PTR
HO POH
x7 Multiplexing

72

VC-12

C-12

2Mb/s

Code rate
adjustment

Multiplexing procedure of 140M into STM-1

11
140M

Rate
adjustment/
packing

C4

9
260
1
125us

73

P
O
H

Add POH for

supervising/
packing

VC4

Next page

9
125us

261

C-4 (Container-4): standard information structure for 140M

signal.

VC-4 (Virtual Container-4): standard information structure

related to C4, supervising real time performance of the
loading 140M signal.

Multiplexing procedure of 140M into STM-1

1
10
9
1
Pointer
AU-PTR AU-4
alignment

270

270

1
Add
SOH

AU-PTR

270

RSOH

Payload

MSOH

STM-1

9
9

AU-4 (Administrative Unit-4): information structure related

to VC4.

Mapping way: 140MC4 VC4AU-4AUGSTM-1

* only one 140Mbps signal can be carried in STM-1.

74

Multiplexing procedure of 34M into STM-1

1
34M

Rate
adjustment/
packing

1
P

Add POH for

supervising/
packing

C3

VC3

Next page

9
1

125us

84

9
1

125us

85

C3 (Container 3): standard information structure for 34M

signal.

VC3 (Virtual Container 3): standard information structure

related to C3, supervising real time performance of the
loading 34M signal.

75

Multiplexing procedure of 34M into STM-1

1
1
First level
pointer
alignment

H1
H2
H3 TU-3

86

1 H1
H2
1
Fill in H3 TUG-3

the
gap
9

76

86

x3

P
O R R
H

Byte
interleave

R
9

261

VC4

TU3 (Tributary Unit 3): standard information structure related

to VC3, finishing the first level pointer alignment.
TUG3 (Tributary Unit Group 3): standard information structure
related to TU3.
Mapping
way:
34MC3VC3TU3TUG3;
3*TUG3VC4AU-4AUGSTM-1
3 x34M can be multiplexed in one STM-1.

Multiplexing procedure of 2M into STM-1

125us
Basic frame
1
4
1
Rate

adjustment

C12

Add POH for

supervising

POH
1

VC12

First level
pointer
alignment

TU12

Next
Page
9

C12 (Container-12): standard information structure for 2M signal,

finishing rate adjustment, 4 basic frame forming a multi-frame.

(Virtual

Container-12); standard information structure

related to C12, supervising real time performance of the loading
2M signal.

VC12

TU12 (Tributary Unit 12): standard information structure related

to VC12, finishing the first level pointer alignment of VC12.

77

Multiplexing procedure of 2M into STM-1

x3

Byte
interleave

12

x7

Byte

interleave

TUG2

86

1
R R

TUG3

TUG-2 (Tributary Unit Group-2)

TUG-3 (Tributary Unit Group-3)

2MC12VC12TU12; 3xTU12TUG-2; 7xTUG-2TUG-3;

3xTUG3VC4AU-4AUGSTM1

3x7x3=63x2M signals can be multiplexed in STM-1. Multiplexing

structure of 2M signal is 3-7-3 structure.

78

79

A1 & A2 Bytes
Framing bytes A1, A2
Used to identify the start of frame
A1=F6H & A2=28H
Generate Alarms OOF, LOF

80

A1 & A2 Bytes
Framing

Find
A1,A2

OOF

LOF

Next
Process

81

AIS

Regenerator Section Trace Byte: J0 or C1

82

STM identification byte

Every STM-1 frame is assigned an identification

number before being multiplexed to an STM-N.

It makes sure that regenerator section of

sending and receiving points keep continuously
connecting.

User Channel Byte: F1

83

Provide a 64 kb/s data or voice channel for local

maintenance purpose to network operator.

Only transmitted in STM-1 #1 of STM-N signal.

D1~D12 Bytes
Data Communication Channel Bytes: D1~D12

These 12 bytes are provided for the transport of monitoring

& control data in Network Management System.
D1-D3 belongs to RSOH, bandwidth is 3x64 kb/s
D4-D12 belongs to MSOH, bandwidth is 9x64 kb/s
D1-D12 are transmitted in STM-1#1 of STM-N only.

DCC Channel

NMS

84

OAM Massages: performance,

alarm, operation commands
etc.

Order Wire bytes: E1 & E2

Provide 64 kb/s digital telephone channels
E1 transmit RS order wire message
E2 transmit MS order wire message (express
channel)
Only present in STM-1#1 of STM-N

85

B1 & B2 Bytes
Bit Interleaved Parity 8 (BIP-8) byte: B1
Regenerator section error code monitoring
Detect unit is bit block
B1 BBE represented by RS-BBE
Only transmitted in STM-1 #1 of an STM-N
Bit Interleaved Parity 24 code (BIP-24) byte: B2
Multiplexing section error code monitoring
Detect unit is bit block
B2 BBE represented by MS-BBE
Only transmitted in STM-1 #1 of an STM-N
86

B1 & B2 Bytes

Verify each bit column

Works on Even parity basis

B1: In unit of 1 byte (8 bits)

B2: In unit of 3 byte (24 bits)

BIP-8

x1 00110011
x2 11001100
x3 10101010
x4 00001111
B

01011010

11001100 11001100 11001100

01011101 01011101 01011101
BIP-24

11110000 10110000 11110000

01100001 01100001 01100001
0000000

87

0100000

0000000

B1 & B2 Bytes

No.n
Fram
e

1st

Verify B1,
B2
Calculate B1,
B2

1st
Frame

2nd Frame

Frame
2nd Frame

88

Tx

Rx

No.n Frame

M1 Byte
Multiplex Section Remote Error Indication (MS-REI) byte:
M1
A return message from Rx to Tx when Rx find MS-BBE
By evaluating the 3xB2, the M1 byte can report back the
number of parity code violations.
MS-REI will be generated in Tx.
M1 byte is one per STM-N frame.
Traffic

Rx

Tx
Return M1

Find B2 Error: MS-BBE

89

Generate MS-REI

K1 & K2 Bytes
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) bytes: K1, K2
(bits:b1-b5)
Used for network multiplex protection switch function
K1 & K2 only transmitted in STM-1 #1 of STM-N
Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication (MS-RDI): K2
(b6-b8)
Return alarm message from Rx to Tx
Indicate Rx receiving alarm
K2 (b6-b8) value is 110

90

K1 & K2 Bytes
Detect
K2(b6~b8)

N
111
Y
Normal
Operation
GenerateMS
AIS

ReturnMS
RDI

91

Synchronization Status Message (SSM) byte: S1

SSM indicates the status & quality level of SDH signal

Value indicates quality level of available clock source (b5-b8)

0010 = G.811 = External Clock
0100 = G.812 = Extract from SDH source
1000 = G.812 = Extract from PDH tributary
1011 = G.813 = Internal Clock

Only transmitted in STM-1 #1 of STM-N

92

High Order Path Overhead

1

VC4

261

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

Structure of High Order Path Overhead

93

Path Trace Byte: J1

First byte of VC-4
Using J1 byte, every path can be assigned a
trace.
Required matching at transmit and receive
ends.
Set value as needed

94

B3 Byte
Path BIP-8 Code
Implements VC-4 transmission
performance monitoring

VerifyB3

Monitoring principle: BIP-8 even parity

Layered monitoring: B1, B2, B3

Correct
Y
BBE
Nextprocess

95

Signal Label Byte: C2

Indicates the type & composition of multiplexing
structure.

Example:
00H means
02H means
3xTUG-3
13H means
12H means

96

unused
multiplexing structure is
ATM cells
C-4

Path Status Byte: G1

Indicates high order VC transmission status
Report back the fault from path end to path
start
It is set in POH of opposite direction
HP-REI: Higher Order Path Remote Error
indication (sum of receiving error block of
VC4)
HP-RDI: High Order Path Remote Defect
Indication

97

TU location indicator Byte: H4

Indicate the multi-frame types and location
of the payload.
For 2M PDH to SDH multiplexing structure,
H4 indicates the current frame, which frame of
the multi-frame, allowing Rx to find TU-PTR &
drop 2M signals.
H4: 00H-03H

98

Other Bytes

99

F2 and F3: Network providers can use it for exchange

of data (local maintenance)

K3: APS for high order path

N1: another byte for

(maintenance purposes)

network

operator

usage

Low Order Path Overhead

VC-12 POH
Location
First byte of each basic frame in a multi-frame
Consist of four bytes
Monitoring VC12 performance during signal transmission

1
1 V5

4
J2

VC12

N2

VC12

K4

VC12

9
500us VC12 Multi-frame
100

VC12

Path status & signal label byte: V5

The first byte of VC12 multi-frame
Pointed by TU-PTR
Monitor error block, signal label, path status
Error block monitoring: b1-b2
Return path status message:b3, b8
Signal label: b5-b7
Similar to B3, C2, and G1

101

Other Bytes

102

J2: Low order path trace byte (VC-12 level)

N2: byte for network operator usage

K4: APS for low order path

Self-Healing Network?
It is a network which can automatically
resume its loaded services within a very
short time in case of fault.
Its terminal users do not notice any service
interruption.

103

Self-Healing Basic Principle

When the working route fails or experience
problems, services will be switched to the protecting
route automatically within a very short time (<50ms).
Redundancy routes are essential for self-healing
networks.
Protection Path

Working Path

104

Self-Healing Network Classification

Classification
Based on Topology
Train or Chain Network Service Protection
Ring Network Service Protection
Inter-Ring Service Protection
Based on Protection Method
Multiplex Section Protection (MSP)
Path Protection (PP)
Logical Subnet Protection
105

Chain Network Protection Types

106

1+1 Path Protection

1+1 Multiplex Section Protection

1:1 Multiplex Section Protection

Chain Network 1+1 Path Protection

CS

TR

CS
OL

OL

OL

OL

W
P
Send Together
107

Receive One

TR

Chain Network 1+1 Path Protection

At sending end, the STM-N signal is sent
simultaneously over both segments of the
work and protect.
At receiving side, only one (work or protect)
path is selected based on quality.

108

Send Together Receive One

Chain Network 1+1 Multiplex Section Protection

TR

CS

work route

CS

OL

OL

OL

OL

protect route

TR

work or protect

At sending end, the STM-N signal is sent

simultaneously over both segments of the work
and protect.
At receiving side, only one (work or protect) path
is selected based on quality.
Send Together Receive One
109

Chain Network 1:1 Multiplex Section Protection

Wor
k

CS

CS
OL

OL

OL

OL

Work

Protectio
Protectio
nThe 1:1 structure is the subset of the 1:N
n (where
N=1) structure.
It has the capacity to work in the 1+1 structure
and to interconnect with the 1+1 structure of the
other end.
110

Self-Healing Networks
In Multiplexing segment 1:1 protection The
working payload is transmitted through the
working path while the protection path can be
used to carry extra payload which is of inferior
class.
When the working path fails, the extra payload on
the protection path will be superseded by the
working payload according to APS protocol. Thus
the working payload is protected.

111

Under normal circumstances, 1:1 becomes 2+0.

Automatic Protection Switch

WORK

PS

end

source

PROTECT

source
7
PS

4 K1,K2
K1

WORKING PATH
PROTECTION PATH
112

end
K2

5a

5b

Ring Network Protection

113

Basic Ring Network Protection Types

115

2-fiber Unidirectional Path Protection Ring

2-fiber
Bidirectional
Protection Ring

Multiplex

Section

4-fiber
Bidirectional
Protection Ring

Multiplex

Section

2-Fiber Unidirectional Path Protection Ring

CA

CA

AC

AC

W1

W1

P1

P1

A
D
P1
W1

B
C

D
P1

A
C

W1

switchin
g

CA
AC
CA
AC
It adopts 1+1 protection mode, the switching criteria is PATH-AIS, &
APS protocol is not needed.
At the source NE, the payload is send to the working path and
protection path simultaneously. The destination NE detect and compare
the coming signal from both paths, then determine to receive the
payload of better quality.
116

2-Fiber Bidirectional MS Protection Ring

2 fiber: Two fibers between a pair of nodes
Bi-direction: Service between two NEs use the
same section of the network and are transmitted
by reverse direction
Multiplexing Section: Protection based on MS,
protect the payload part, use APS protocol for
protection.

117

Working Principle
S1/P2
A
D

B
C

118

S2/P1

Working path
S1 & S2; under normal
situations, service are
transmitted over working
path. The first half of one
fiber is working path.
Taking STM-16 as an
example, 1-8 AU4 are
used for working path.

Working Principle
Protecting Path
S1/P2
A
D

B
C

119

S2/P1

P1 & P2; services

transmit
along
protection path after
switch over. The last
half part of the fiber is
used
as
protecting
path. Taking STM-16 as
example, 9-16 AU4 are
used
as
protecting
path.

Working Principle
S1/P2
A
D

B
C

120

S2/P1

Relationship
between working &
protecting paths
The protecting path of
one direction protect
the working path of
the other direction,
i.e, P1 protects S1, &
P2 protects S2.

Working Principle
CA Rx

AC Tx
S1/P2

A
D

S2/P1
B

121

to

Service AC is sent in
S1 through path A->B>C
Service CA is sent in
S2 through path C->B>A

CA Tx

Use S1 & S2
transmit services.

AC Rx

P1 and P2 can be
used to send extra
service now.

Switching Conditions
Auto Switch Conditions:
LOS, LOF, MS-AIS, Signal Degrade

122

Switching Procedure
CA Rx

AC Tx
S1/P2
A

S2/P1

B
C

CA Tx
123

AC Rx

Switch If the fiber

between B and C is
broken, switching occurs
in B and C
B
node:
service
AC
crosses from S1 to P1,
and sent through A->B>A->D->C
C
node:
service
CA
crosses from S2 to P2,
and sent through C->D>A->B->A

Features of 2 Fiber Bidirectional MSP Ring

Advantages: Time slots between two nodes can be

reused, thus increasing the transmission capacity.
Standby path P1 and P2 can be used to transmit
extra services of inferior class.

Disadvantages: longer switching time due to APS

protocol. Numbers of maximum nodes supported
by APS is limited to 16.

Transmission capacity: (k/2) x STM-N

nodes).

124

(k=no. of

Comparison of protection schemes

125

Protection Type

2f Unidirectional PP
Ring

2f Bidirectional MSP Ring

4f Bidirectional MSP Ring

No. of Nodes

Line Speed

STM-N

STM-N

STM-N

Transmission
Capacity

STM-N

K/2*STM-N

k*STM-N

APS Protocol

No

Yes

Yes

Switching Time

<30ms

50-200ms

50-200ms

Cost

Low

Medium

High

System Complexity

Simple

Complex

Complex

Field of Application

Relay Networks
(Centralized Services)

Long Distance Networks

(Distribution Services)

Long Distance Networks

(Distribution Services)

Subrack
Power consumption: < 350W;
A single subrack weighs
18.6kg
858mm (height) * 440mm
(width) * 290mm (depth)

126
126

SDH Cards
P

L3 Q

16 16 P

127
127

Interface Board

PDH processing board in IU slot

PD1

32-channel E1

electrical processing board

PQ1

63-channel E1

electrical processing board

PL3

3-channel E3/T3

electrical processing board

PQ3

12-channel E3/T3

electrical processing board

128
128

SDH Interface Unit

S16: 1-channel STM-16

optical interface board

SD4: 2-channel STM-4

optical interface board

SL4: 1-channel STM-4

optical interface board

SQ1: 4-channel STM-1

optical interface board

SD1: 2-channel STM-1

optical interface board

SL1: 1-channel STM-1

optical interface board

SP8: 8-channel STM-1

signal process board

129

129

Indicator
Green:
5 times/s
1 time/2s
1 time/4s

Red:
Constantly off
3 times/s
2 times/s
1 time/s
Constantly on

Running Indicator
not in service
normal
off-line status

Alarm Indicator
no alarm
Critical alarm
Major alarm
Minor alarm
CPU self-check failed

130
130

Alarms
Critical Alarms
Emergency situation like fiber cut or some
system failure, Need immediate attention,
interrupt services
Major Alarms:
Need attention, may interrupt some services
Minor Alarms:
No interruption in service

131

Why DWDM?
Increase in Band Width Demand

Growth of voice traffic

IP traffic
Data traffic
Telemedicine
Video conferencing
Remote education
Mobile telephony

132

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

DWDM
An optical technology used to increase
capacity over existing fiber cables
transmitting multiple signals simultaneously
at different wavelengths on the same fiber
one fiber is transformed into multiple virtual
fibers.

133

DWDM concept
Different

signals

with

specific

wavelengths

are

multiplexed into a fiber for

transmission.
SDH signal
IP package
ATM cells

1
2

134

1 2

DWDM Bandwidths
42.5Gb/s
162.5Gb/s
322.5Gb/s
3210Gb/s
16010Gb/s =1.6Tb/s

135

DWDM..Cost Saving

SDH
DWDM

Electrical Regenerator
Light Amplifier

136

Advantages of DWDM
Transparent transmission
Long haul transmission
High capacity
Use existing optical fibers
High performance-to-cost ratio
Reliability
Easy up-gradation

137

Optical
amplifier

OSC

138

OTU
Access
channels

Access
channels

OTU

MUX

DMUX

Application of Amplifiers
Demultiplexer

PA

PA: Pre-amplifier (gain 23 db)

LA: Line amplifier (gain 30-33 db)
BA: Booster amplifier (gain 23 db)
139

Multiplex
er
LA

BA

Optical supervisory
channel
TCP/IP

NE3

NE2

GNE1

OSC Operating wavelength

1510nm
2Mb/s full management with order
NMS (T2000)
wire phone
Insert/extract data
Information
Two
Notypes
needofof
amplification
NMS Information (D1 to D12 Bytes)
Order wire (E1 & E2 Bytes)

140

Frame structure of DWDM OSC

0 1

141

TS0:
TS1:
TS2:
TS3-TS14:
TS15:
TS16-TS31:

14 15 16
FAS
E1
F1
D1-D12
E2
reserved

31

Cabinet of DWDM
1- Power Box
2- ODF Sub-Rack
3- Equipment SubRack/Interfaces
4- Rack Interface

142

Power Box
2

10

11

12

Note: 1. -48V ( Ist. Supply source Line); 2. -48V (2nd.Supply source Line);
3. Alarm clearing switch; 4. Sound/light test switch; 5. Indicator; 6. Master
switch (the first line); 7. Master switch (the second line); 8. Protection
ground; 9. Power ground; 10. Power switch of the upper subrack; 11. Power
switch of the lower subrack; 12. PMU board.
143

ODF Sub-Rack
1- Upper ODF (44 interfaces)
2- Middle Sub-Rack (60
interfaces)
3- Lower Subrack (60
interfaces)
144

Upper ODF
4
1
4
2
4
3

3
5

2
9

2
3

1
7

1
1

3
6

3
0

2
4

1
8

1
2

3
7

3
1

2
5

1
9

1
3

3
8

3
2

2
6

2
0

1
4

5
6
7
8
9
1
0

4
1: SCA-RI
4 (Line
3 Fiber)3
4:
2 SCA-TO
2 (Line
1 Fiber)
9
3 (From
7 SDH)
1
5
5 to 20: M16I1-M16I16
23 to 38: D16-O1D16-O16
4
3
2(To SDH)
2

0
4
42-43: SC2-RM2-SC2-TM2

145

1
6

Middle/Lower
ODF

1
18

2
3
4
19
20

21
38

22 23 24
39
40

41
58

146

42 43 44
59
60

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

25 26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

45 46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

Equipment Sub-Rack
1- Optical Conversion Sub-Rack (OCS)
2- Optical Integrated Sub-Rack (OIS)
3- Optical Amplifier Sub-Rack (OAS)

147

ABBRIVIATIONS

1- TWC Transmitting Wave length Conversion Board

2- RWC Receiving Wavelength Conversion Board
3- LWC Line Wavelength Conversion
Board(TWC+RWC)
4- M16/D16 16 Channel Multiplexer/De-Multiplexer
Board
5- SCA Supervisory Channel Access Board
6- SC1/2 Single/Dual Supervisory Channel Board
7- MR2 Two Wavelength Add/Drop Multiplexer Board
8- SCC System Control & Communication Board
9- OHP Overhead Processor Board
10- WPA Wavelength Pre-Amplifier Board
11- WBA Wavelength Booster Amplifier Board
148

Opti X BWS 320G Opt i cal Conversi on

Sub- rack
Boards:
TWC,
LWC,
RWC, SCC

T
/
R
W
C

149

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

T
/
R
W
C

S
C
C

OptiX BWS 320G

Optical Integrated
Sub-rack
Data traffic and equipment
maintenance interface
Power Supply
Interface

Data traffic and equipment

maintenance interface
W
P
A

W
B
A

M
1
6

D
1
6

M
S
2

S
C
A

S
C
1

S
C
C

Boards:
WPA, WBA, D16, M16, MS1, SCA,
SC1, SCC, OHP

150

O
H
P

X.25
Ethernet
BNC
F&f
RS232 & RS422
F1
order wire Interface

Opt i X BWS 320G Opt i cal Li ne

Ampl i fi er Sub- rack

W
P
A

151

W
B
A

W
PW
W
P AB
A
A

W
B
M
S A
2

S
C
A

M
S
S
C
2
S S S O
C
C C H A

A 2 C P

S
C
A

Boards:
WPA, WBA, MS2,
SCA, SC2, SCC,
OHP

HUAWEI DWDM NETWORK

SORAB

KHUZDAR

ADM

ADM

ADM

REG

MASTUNG

REG

BELA

KALARI
OLA

A
AN M

KOTRI

ADM

D.M.
ADM
JAMALI

RK
LA

OLA

ADM

D.I.KHAN
ADM

DADU

AD

OLA

THATTA

OLA

FAZILPUR
OLA

AD

PESHAWAR
(CITY)

D.
G

OLA

AD
M

ROJHAN

HA

BHAKKAR

MADM

CHOWK
QURESHI

MADM

RING 1

NMS
ISLAMABAD
(IBA-I)

HARNOLI

OLA

OLA

OLA

OLA

ADM

OLA

MADM

SUKKUR

NOORIABAD
RANIPUR
AD
M

HYDER
ABAD

NAWAB
SHAH
ADM

STM-16 RING 7
ADM

MIRPUR
KHAS

RING 3

RING 4
MULTAN (C)

OLA

OLA

DHERIKI

OLA

BAHAWALPUR
ADM

R.Y.KHAN

MORO

Workstation
AD

OLA

DERA
JATTA

MIAN
CHUNNU

ADM

SAHIWAL

LEGEND

ADM

DWDM TERMINAL (OTM)

SANGHAR

MADM

GOJRA MORE
Workstation

RING 2

ADM

OLA

FATEHPUR

MADM

2.5 Gb/s ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER (ADM)

2.5 Gb/s MULTI ADD/DROP MULTIPLEXER (MADM)

OLA

DWDM OPTICAL LINE AMPLIFIER (OLA)

REG

SDH REGENERATOR (REG)

EXISTING OPTICAL FIBRE LINK

JHELUM

OLA

FAISALABAD
(S/ABAD)
OLA

MANAWALA

LAHORE
(CTH)

ADM

GUJRAT

AD

SIALKOT
ADM

LAHORE
ADM

152

OLA

FAISAL
ABAD

OLA

ADM

ADM

OLA
OLA

SARGODHA

MADM

ADM

Workstation

MULTAN

QUAIDABAD

MADM

KARACHI

RING 5

KARACHI
(P/CAP)

MARDAN

LAWRENCEPUR
N

SHIKARPUR

ADM

ADM

OLA

.K

MADM

Workstation

PESHAWAR
AD
M

JUMMAN SHAH

KANDHKOT

OLA

AHMADI BANDA

M
AD

UTHAL
ADM
HUB

MACHH

SIBBI

ADM

OLA

REG

STM-16 RING 6

BANNU

SHAHBAZ
KHEL

ADM

ADM

QUETTA

ADM

RAW
ALPI
NDI

USMANI
BANDA

REG

ADM

WADH

KALAT

ADM

GUJRANWALA

NORTEL DWDM NETWORK

Shikarpur
D I KHAN
Larkana Khandh
Rojhan
Kot
Jampur
KN Shah
Kot
Dadu
Bahadar
Sehwan

Kalari

D G Khan
Manzoorabad

1883 Kms
2 Ch. x 10 Gb/s
30% Traffic Density

Gharo

Karachi
P/Cap
Nooriabad

Hyderabad

Morro

Anayatpur
Chak 32
Ghotki
Sardar

Garh

Ranipur
Sukkur

Lawrencepur

153

(13)

OLA

(33)

Islamabad
IBA-I

NORTH RING
1650 Kms
2 Ch. x 10 Gb/s
70% Traffic Density

Mandra
Jehlum

Gujrat

Khanewal
Mian Chunnu
Sahiwal
Fatehpur

Sialkot
Manawala

Gujranwala

Faisal
abad

Lahore
CTH

LEGENDS
ADM

Peshawar
City

Nowshera

Kot Addu

Multan
Central
Lodhran

N.Saeedabad

Karor

Qureshi
Chowk

SOUTH RING

Jheruk

ShabazBannu Ahmadi
Khel
Banda Kohat

REG

(05)

NEW 10G DWDM NETWORK

73
QALAT

13
8

20
6 ADM

KHUZDAR
BELA

60

QUETTA(CENT)
QUETTA(S/R)

ADM

ADM

SDH RING170
5

UTHAL

12
DM JAMALI
213
M
2ADM 350
ADM
AD
16
LARKANA
DADU
796
129

ADM

MADM

39

KOHAT

MADM

65

10
NEW MULTAN

MADM

ADM

106

RING 1

MULTAN-2

RAWALPINDI-2

20

M
AD

LAHORE- 2
MP KHAS

ADM

HYDERABAD

OKARA

200

R.Y.KHAN

259
ADM

143

96

SARGODHA

LAHORE E/R

35

KHARIN CANTT

RING 2

03
AD
M

163

JHELUM

AD
M

AD M

110
ADM

ADM

75

SAHIWAL

41

MADM

BAHAWALPUR

AD
M

MADM

191

137
23 ADM

FAISALABAD

AD
M

145

NMS

174
ADM

22

AD
M

NAWAB
SHAH

LODHRAN

72

MADM

86

RING 4 256

ADM

SUKKUR

A
D

MARDAN

CHOWK
QURESHI

08

164

GUJRAT

70

76

SIALKOT

ADM

GUJRANWALA

154

02

PESHAWAR
-2

ADM

RING 3

AD
M

PESHAWAR
CANTT

57
ADM

38

60

223

SHIKARPUR

KARACHI M/R

KARACHI-2

BANNU

ADM

10
0HUB
25 407

ADM

ADM

D.I.KHAN

ADM

SDH

ADM

M
AD

D.G. KHAN

SIBBI

140

143

ADM

64

RAWAL
P INDI

SORAB

ADM

M
AD

97

ADM

ADM

ADM

OAN SYSTEM Hardware Structure

OAN basically consists of following components to

perform three major functions
a) service access, b) transmission and c)network
management,
1.
2.
3.
4.

155

OLT (Optical Line Terminal).

ONU (Optical Network Unit).
AN-NMS (Access Network-Network Management
System).
SDH / PDH Transmission System

OAN SYSTEM STRUCTURE

156

Optical line terminal (OLT)

157

collecting point of various services of the exchange

such as voice, data and image
provides the network interface of multiple services.
As a modularly structured unit, the OLT is composed
of multiple service interface modules which are
stacked together.
The capacity of the OLT can be expanded smoothly
by adding the service interface modules, so it is
flexible in configuration and expansion.

Optical line terminal (OLT)

LAN / WAN

Optical Line Terminal (OLT)

belongs to the service node
equipment

of

the

ATM

access

network. It is connected with

the service node through
service node interface to

IDC

Cable TV
DDN/FR

perform the service access

Internet

of the access network.

NMS
PSTN/
ISDN

158

OLT

B a y Ne tw o rks

INTERFACES AVAILABLE AT OLT

Following interfaces are available at OLT.

159

E1 leased line interface conforming to ITU-T G703

ISDN services,V5.2 if connected to ISDN exchanges.
DDN connection.
Internet ISP connection, Broadband services (ATM
switch, ATM server etc.)
CATV service

OPTICAL NETWORK UNIT (ONU)

The Optical Network Unit (ONU) belongs to

subscriber equipment of the access network
and provides subscribers with integrated
services of voice, data and image.

160

Optical Network Unit (ONU)

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

161

OPTICAL ACCESS NETWOK ONU includes

SIP module,
optical transmission module,
power and environment monitoring module
built-in primary power supply,
main distribution frame
batteries

INTERFACES PROVIDED BY ONU

Z interface. (POTS).

U interface. ISDN BRI (2B+D).ISDN PRA (30B+D).

Nx64kbps or subrate interface of V.35/V.24 to provide various

data services for subscribers.

E1 interface to provide 2M leased line through coaxial cable.

CATV signal through coaxial cable, connected to TV sets at

subscribers

162

10M/100M Ethernet interface

PSTN INTERFACE TO OLT

ONU

ONU

ODN

ONU

ONU

163

OLT

EXCHANGE
V5
Interface
or STE

Voice and ISDN Services Access

POTS

LAN

CID

Router
2B+D/ 30B+D

Centrex

ONU
LE

V5.2

SDH

OLT

ONU
2B+D

ONU
2B+D

Video phone

NT1+TA
V.24

NT1
G4 FAX

Digital phone

Full access of POTS and ISDN services.

164

POTS

Internet

Data Services Access

2B1Q

OLT

ONU

DDN Node
2B1Q
SDH
2M

(V.24/V.35)
DTU 2.4~64kbps

N64kbps
(V.35/E1)
MTA
2.4~128kbps
2B1Q
(V.24/V.35)
64kbps
(V.24/V.35)
2.4~19.2kbps
(V.24)

E1 ( G.703 )
64K ( V.24,V.35 )
N64K ( 1 N 31, V.35 )
Sub-rate ( 2.4/4.8/9.6/19.2/48K, V.24 )
165

2M

MSAN (ZXA10-C)
POTS

PSTN/ISD
N

DDN

Core network
IP

ISDN

155M/622M/2.5
G
O
L
T

ZXA10
S300

MSTP

DDN

ZXA10 O
N
S200
U

FE/GE
FE/GE

ATM

ATM155/62
2

Ethern
et

FE/GE/ATM DSLAM

FE/GE

166

ADSL

VDSL

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

High gain (10-30 dB)
Large o/p power
Wide operating bandwidths
Low noise (4-8 dB)
Amplifying characteristics independent to bit rate
and data format
..Extensive applications in DWDM Systems

167

EDFA
Signal input

Optical splitter ISO

WDM

WDM Optical coupler

TAP
Optical isolator
PD

EDF
Pumping laser

Pumping laser
ISO

Signal output

TAP

PD Optical detector

168

EDF

EDF
Doped with Er3+
The outer shell has 3 levels structure (E1, E2,
E3)
E1ground state
E2metastable state
E3high level state
Pumping lasers are used to excite the EDF
Lots of bound electrons of the Er 3+ are excited
from the E1 state to E3

169

Continue
E3 is not stable and ions are dropped to E2 state
(radiation-less decay process)
Particles at E2 state are transited to E1 state via
stimulated radiation on passing input optical
signal
This results in generation of photons identical to
photons of incident signal light
Continuous amplifying is implemented

170

EDFA principle
E3
E2

E1
171

Optical Coupler (WDM)

Used for Coupling
Couples the input signal and pumping light
Another name is Optical Mux

172

Optical Isolator (ISO)

For unidirectional light Tx
I/P ISO
block the backward ASE in EDF
protects transmitter from interference
Protects the generation of large noise when
reflected at the input end and reenters EDF
O/P ISO
Prevents the amplified signal from reentering the
EDF

173

Pumping Laser (PUMP)

Energy source of EDF
Semiconductor laser with o/p wavelength of
980nm or 1480nm
Pumps the ions from low to high level
Amplification is implemented by transferring
energy to signal light

174

Optical Splitter (TAP)

One I/P, two O/Ps
Tap off a small part of the signal for monitoring

Optical Detector (PD)

175

Convert the received optical power

photocurrent (photoelectric conversion)

into

Gain equalization

Ordinary fiber has narrow flat gain range (15491561)

utilizing heavily aluminum plus erbium-doped
optical fiber and Gain Equalization Filter (GEF)
optimizing the optical structure (1525-1560)

176

.
Before gain equalization

After gain equalization

1525

1565

1525

1565

177
177

Impact of gain flatness in long haul transmission

178
178

Gain locking
Drop

>1dB

<0.5dB
179
179

Add

>1dB

<0.5dB
180
180

Application of Amplifiers
Demultiplexer

Multiplex
er
PA

PA: Pre-amplifier (gain 23 db)

LA: Line amplifier (gain 30-33 db)
BA: Booster amplifier (gain 23 db)
181

LA

BA

Thank you

182