Chapter 5

AM, FM, and Digital Modulated Systems

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Double Sideband Suppressed carrier (DSSC)
Assymetric Sideband Signals
Single sideband signals (SSB)
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University

Bandpass Signaling Review

The modulated bandpass signal can be described by

s (t ) Re{g (t )e j C t }

Where

c 2f c ;

Modulation Mapping function: Convert

The voltage spectrum of the bandpass signal is

f c - Carier Frequency

m(t) g(t)

V( f )

Ref : Table 4-1

1
G f f c G * f f c
2

The PSD of the bandpass signal is

Where G f F g t ;

Pg f - PSD of the complex envelope g(t);

Amplitude Modulation
The Complex Envelope of an AM signal is given by

g (t ) Ac [1 m(t )]
Ac indicates the power level of AM and m(t) is the Modulating Signal
Representation of an AM signal is given by

s (t ) Ac [1 m(t )]cos ct
Ac[1+m(t)]

In-phase component x(t)

If m(t) has a peak positive values of +1 and a peak negative value of -1

AM signal 100% modulated
Envelope detection can be used if % modulation is less than 100%.

Amplitude Modulation

An Example of a message signal m(t)

Waveform for Amplitude modulation of the message signal m(t)

Amplitude Modulation
B

An Example of message energy spectral density.

Carrier component together
with the message

2B

Energy spectrum of the AM modulated message signal.

AM Percentage Modulation
Definition: The percentage of positive modulation on an AM signal is
% Positive Modulation

Amax Ac
100 max m(t ) 100
Ac

The percentage of negative modulation on an AM signal is

Ac Amin
100 min m(t ) 100
Ac

The percentage of overall modulation is

max m(t ) min m(t )

Amax Amin
% Modulation
100
100
2 Ac
2
Amax - Maximum value of Ac [1 m(t )]
Amin - Minimum value of Ac [1 m(t )]
Ac - Level of AM envelope in the absence of modulation [i.e., m(t) 0]

If m(t) has a peak positive values of +1 and a peak negative value of -1

AM signal 100% modulated

AM Signal Waveform

Amax = 1.5Ac
Amin = 0.5 Ac

% Positive modulation= 50%

% Negative modulation =50%
Overall Modulation = 50%

AM Percentage Modulation

Under modulated (<100%)

100% modulated

Over Modulated (>100%)

Envelope Detector

Envelope Detector

Can be used

Gives Distorted signal

AM Normalized Average Power

The normalized average power of the AM signal is
1
1
2
2
g t Ac2 1 m t
2
2
1
Ac2 1 2m t m 2 t
2
1
1
Ac2 Ac2 m t Ac2 m 2 t
2
2

s2 t

If the modulation contains no dc level, then m t 0

The normalized power of the AM signal is
s2 t

1 2
1 2 2
Ac
Ac m t
2
2

Discrete Carrier Power

Sideband power

AM Modulation Efficiency
Definition : The Modulation Efficiency is the percentage of the total power
of the modulated signal that conveys information.
Only Sideband Components Convey information
Modulation Efficiency:

m2 t

1 m t
2

100

Highest efficiency for a 100% AM signal : 50% - square wave modulation

Normalized Peak Envelope Power (PEP) of the AM signal:

Voltage Spectrum of the AM signal:

Unmodulated Carrier
Spectral Component

Translated Message Signal

Example 5-1. Power of an AM signal

Suppose that a 5000-W AM transmitter is connected to a 50 ohm load;
Then the constant Ac is given by

1 Ac2
5,000 Ac 707 V
2 50

Without
Modulation

If the transmitter is then 100% modulated by a 1000-Hz test tone ,

the total (carrier + sideband) average power will be

2
m t 2 for 100% modulation

The peak voltage (100% modulation) is (2)(707) = 1414 V across the 50 ohm load.

The peak envelope power (PEP) is

The modulation efficiency would be 33% since < m2(t) >=1/2

Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)

Power in a AM signal is given by

s2 t

1 2
1 2 2
Ac
Ac m t
2
2

Carrier Power

DSBSC is obtained by eliminating carrier component

If m(t) is assumed to have a zero DC level, then

Spectrum

S( f )

Sideband power

s (t ) Ac m(t ) cos c t

Ac
M f fc M f fc
2

1 2 2
s t
Ac m t
Power
2
m2 t
Modulation Efficiency
E 2
100 100%
m t
2

Disadvantages of DSBSC:
Less information about the carrier will be delivered to the receiver.
Needs a coherent carrier detector at receiver

DSBSC Modulation
s (t ) Ac m(t ) cos c t
B

An Example of message energy spectral density.

No Extra Carrier
component

2B

Energy spectrum of the DSBSC modulated message signal.

Carrier Recovery for DSBSC Demodulation

Coherent reference for product detection of DSBSC can not be obtained by the

use of ordinary PLL because there are no spectral line components at fc.

Carrier Recovery for DSBSC Demodulation

A squaring loop can also be used to obtain coherent reference carrier for product

detection of DSBSC. A frequency divider is needed to bring the double carrier

frequency to fc.

Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation

An upper single sideband (USSB) signal has a zero-valued spectrum for
A lower single sideband (LSSB) signal has a zero-valued spectrum for
SSB-AM popular method ~ BW is same as that of the modulating signal.
Note: Normally SSB refers to SSB-AM type of signal

USSB

LSSB

Single Sideband Signal

Theorem : A SSB signal has Complex Envelope and bandpass form as:

s t Ac m t cos c t m (t ) sin c t
m (t ) Hilbert transform of m(t)
j,
j,
Hilbert Transform corresponds to a -90 0 phase shift
H(f)
j
-j

Lower sign (+)

Where

H f

and

Upper sign (-)

f 0
f 0

USSB
LSSB

Single Sideband Signal

Proof: Fourier transform of the complex envelope

G f Ac M f j m t

m t m t h t

Using

2 Ac M f ,
G f
0,
Recall from Chapter 4

Upper sign USSB

Lower sign LSSB

G f Ac M f 1 jH f

f 0

f 0
V( f )

1
G ( f f c ) G * [( f f c )]
2

f fc
M f f c , f f c
0,

0
,
f

f
M
f

f
,
f

f
c
c
c

S f Ac

Ac M f jM ( f )

Upper sign USSB

If lower signs were used LSSB signal would have been obtained

Single Sideband Signal

2 Ac M f ,
G f
0,

f 0

f 0

M f f c , f f c
S f Ac

f f c
0,
f f c
Ac

M
f

f
,
f

c
c
0,

SSB - Power
The normalized average power of the SSB signal

s2 t

1
1
2
2
g (t ) Ac2 m 2 t m t
2
2

Hilbert transform does not change

power.

2
m t m 2 t

SSB signal power is:

Power gain factor

The normalized peak envelope (PEP) power is:

1
1 2 2
2
2
max g (t ) Ac m t m t
2
2

Power of the modulating signal

Generation of SSB
SSB signals have both AM and PM.
The complex envelope of SSB:

For the AM component,

For the PM component,

Advantages of SSB
Superior detected signal-to-noise ratio compared to that of AM
SSB has one-half the bandwidth of AM or DSB-SC signals

Generation of SSB

SSB Can be generated using two techniques

1.
2.

Phasing method
Filter Method

Phasing method
This method is a special modulation type of IQ canonical form
of Generalized transmitters discussed in Chapter 4 ( Fig 4.28)

Generation of SSB

Filter Method
The filtering method is a special case in which RF processing (with a
sideband filter) is used to form the equivalent g(t), instead of using
baseband processing to generate g(m) directly. The filter method is the
most popular method because excellent sideband suppression can be
obtained when a crystal oscillator is used for the sideband filter.
Crystal filters are relatively inexpensive when produced in quantity at
standard IF frequencies.

Weavers Method for Generating SSB.

Generation of VSB

Frequency Divison Multiplexing