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HOW WE LEARN
Learning is:
An experiential process
Resulting in a relatively
permanent change
Not explained by
temporary states and
maturation and innate
tendencies.
Learning
Learning has taken place if an individual behaves, reacts,
respond as a result of experience in a manner different from
the way he formerly behaved.
Conditions for learning:
Knowledge should be implemented
Change should last for considerable period of time.
It should not be temporary rather it should be permanent.
Definitions: Learning is:
1. a persisting change in human performance or
performance potential . . . (brought) about as a result of
the learners interaction with the
environment
(Driscoll, 1994, pp. 8-9).
2. the relatively permanent change in a persons
knowledge or behavior due to experience (Mayer, 1982, p.
1040).
3.
an enduring change in behavior, or in the
capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results
from practice or other forms of experience (Shuell, 1986, p. 412).
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Theories of LEARNING
Social Learning Theory
Connectionism Theory
Social Learning Theory (SLT)
A. Bandura (1973)
Learning takes place through observation and sensorial experiences
SLT is the basis of the movement against violence in media & video
games
Social Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct experience.
It assumes that behavior is a function of consequences. It involves:-
Attention Processes:- People learn from model only when they recognize and
pay attention to its critical feature.
Retention Process:- A models influence will depend on how well the individual
remember the models action after the model is no longer readily available.
Motor Reproduction Processes:- After a person has seen a new behavior by
observing the model the watching must be converted into doing
Social Learning Theory
Learning From Models Albert Bandura
1. Attention: Attend to pertinent clues
2. Retention: Code for memory (store a
visual image) Retain in memory
3. Reproduction: Accurately reproduce
the observed activity
4. Motivation: Possess sufficient
motivation to apply new learning
Social Learning Theory
Research indicates that the following factors influence the strength
of learning from models:
1. How much power the model seems to have
2. How capable the model seems to be
3. How nurturing (caring) the model seems to be
4. How similar the learner perceives self and model
5. How many models the learner observes
Social Learning Theory
Four interrelated processes establish and
strengthen identification with the model:
1. Children want to be like the model
2. Children believe they are like the
model
3. Children experience emotions like
those the model is feeling.
4. Children act like the model.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Through identification, children come to believe they have the same characteristics
as the model.
When they identify with a nurturant and
competent model, children feel pleased and
proud.
When they identify with an inadequate model,
children feel unhappy and insecure.
SLT in the Classroom
Collaborative learning
and group work
Modeling responses and
expectations
Opportunities to observe
experts in action
Critiques of Social Learning Theory
Does not take into account individuality, context, and
experience as mediating factors
Suggests students learn best as passive receivers of
sensory stimuli, as opposed to being active learners
Emotions and motivation not considered important
or connected to learning
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Connectionism Theory
Trial and Error Learning
14
Thorndikes Puzzle Box
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKvNqe8cKU4&feature=player_e
mbedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8
http://www.child-development-guide.com/edward-thorndike.html
Thorndikes Puzzle Box
Thorndikes Laws
Also called Stimulus-Response learning.
Law of effect A chance act becomes a learned behavior when a
connection is formed between a stimulus (S) and a response (R) that
is rewarded.
Law of exercise the S-R connection is strengthened by use and
weakened with disuse.
Thorndikes Laws (Cont.)
Law of readiness motivation is needed to develop an association or
display changed behavior.
Associative shifting a learned behavior (response) can be shifted
from one stimulus to another.
Once a behavior is learned, the stimulus is gradually changed.
Dog + stand up, then stand up alone.
Factors affecting Learning
The factors that influence learning process can be categorized into two, which are
internal and external factor.
External factors
Environment
Relationship
Context reward/punishment and methods.
Internal factors
Perception
Emotion
Attitude
Ability
Motivation
memory
