This document provides a detailed summary of the histology of the bronchial tree and lungs. It begins with the trachea, describing the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining, goblet cells, lamina propria, submucosa, cartilage rings, smooth muscle, and adventitia. It then discusses the branching structure of the lungs, from intrapulmonary bronchi to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. The histology changes from the trachea to bronchioles to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles as the cartilage decreases and epithelium changes. Alveoli are lined by thin squamous epithelium containing
This document provides a detailed summary of the histology of the bronchial tree and lungs. It begins with the trachea, describing the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining, goblet cells, lamina propria, submucosa, cartilage rings, smooth muscle, and adventitia. It then discusses the branching structure of the lungs, from intrapulmonary bronchi to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. The histology changes from the trachea to bronchioles to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles as the cartilage decreases and epithelium changes. Alveoli are lined by thin squamous epithelium containing
This document provides a detailed summary of the histology of the bronchial tree and lungs. It begins with the trachea, describing the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining, goblet cells, lamina propria, submucosa, cartilage rings, smooth muscle, and adventitia. It then discusses the branching structure of the lungs, from intrapulmonary bronchi to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. The histology changes from the trachea to bronchioles to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles as the cartilage decreases and epithelium changes. Alveoli are lined by thin squamous epithelium containing
This document provides a detailed summary of the histology of the bronchial tree and lungs. It begins with the trachea, describing the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining, goblet cells, lamina propria, submucosa, cartilage rings, smooth muscle, and adventitia. It then discusses the branching structure of the lungs, from intrapulmonary bronchi to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. The histology changes from the trachea to bronchioles to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles as the cartilage decreases and epithelium changes. Alveoli are lined by thin squamous epithelium containing
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HISTOLOGY OF BRONCHIAL TREE AND LUNGS
DR MANAH CHANDRA CHANGMAI MBBS Msurg
TRACHEA Mucosal epithelium the majority of the cells form a pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium Interspersed among the columnar, ciliated epithelial cells are, Goblet cells (muscus secreting) are interspersed among the more numerous columnar ciliated cells Brush cells apical microvilli (may be immature goblet cells) Basal cells - possibly stem cells that will divided to provide replacements for dead or lost cells of the epithelium
Lamina propria Contains many lymphocytes that are supported by a meshwork of elastic and reticular fibers A band of elastic fibers called the membrana elastica interna separates the mucosa from the sub mucosa. Submucosa composed of loose connective tissue and contains the secretory components of serous and mucous glands whose ducts empty into the tracheal lumen
Muscularis externa In the trachea and bronchi contains three types of tissues. a. Tracheal rings (C-shaped; open dorsally) of hyaline cartilage enclosed by a perichondrium of dense regular connective tissue are evenly spaced along the length of the trachea and the extrapulmonary bronchi. b. Smooth muscle tissue forms the trachealis muscles which connect the ends of each tracheal ring in the trachea and the extrapulmonary bronchi. c. Moderately dense connective tissue occurs between adjacent tracheal rings in the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi Adventitia Loose connective is visible around the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi and merges with the loose connective tissue stroma of the lungs around the intrapulmonary bronchi.
Trachea Trachea section H&E 40x objective
cilia
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
Goblet cells should be seen easily scattered throughout the epithelial layer.
Trachea
LUNGS (1) Each lung is subdivided into lobes. Each lobe is served by an intrapulmonary bronchus which is a branch of an extrapulmonary bronchus. (2) Each lobe is subdivided into smaller lobules. Each lobule is supplied by bronchioles (branches of intrapulmonary or secondary bronchi). The smallest of these branches are referred to as terminal bronchioles.
(3) Each terminal bronchiole branches into one to three respiratory bronchioles. (4) Each respiratory bronchiole branches into two to eleven alveolar ducts. (5) Alveolar sacs are clusters of alveoli at the end of alveolar ducts. (6) Essentially all gas exchange between air and blood occurs across the walls of alveoli.
Lung
INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS
3 in right lung, 2 in left lung.
These intrapulmonary bronchi each each extend into a pulmonary lobe of the lung and thus are sometimes called lobar bronchi. These and subsequent bronchi undergo repeated branching culminating in the formation of bronchioles. Large intrapulmonary bronchi are histologically similar to the trachea and primary bronchi.
Epithelium Cartilage plate Glands
Adventitia
Cartilage plate
Differences in the histology of extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary bronchi
Cartilage rings are reduced to irregular plates of cartilage. A band of circular smooth muscle develops. Goblet cells in the epithelium become less numerous. Epithelium becomes reduced in height and simple columnar with less cilia.
Lymphatic nodules may be present in lamina propria, particularly at branching
The arrow shows a plate of cartilage, not a C-shaped ring. This is a diagnostic feature of this type of bronchus. Very little smooth muscle is present.
Bronchioles
Bronchioles (less than 1 mm diameter)
Includes larger bronchioles terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles) Mucosa The epithelium varies according to the size of the air passageway.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with a few scattered Goblet
cells occurs in larger bronchioles. Ciliated simple columnar epithelium occurs in terminal bronchioles. Ciliated and non-ciliated simple low columnar or cuboidal epithelium with patches of simple squamous epithelium occurs in respiratory bronchioles.
the change in the epithelium to a short columnar/cuboidal with no goblet cells.
Cilia are still present.
Terminal Bronchiole
Lamina propria Consists of loose connective tissue which may contain solitary lymphoid nodules occurs in most bronchioles. Muscularis externa Consists of smooth muscle spirals around bronchioles and terminal bronchioles but is usually scattered or absent around respiratory bronchioles Absence of cartilgenous plates around the lumen Adventitia A very sparse loose connective tissue occurs in most bronchioles.
Respiratory Bronchiole
Alveoli, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveolar Sacs (clusters of alveoli)
Mucosa (a) The epithelium varies with location. Patched of simple cuboidal epithelium occur in the walls of alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. Alveoli are lined by simple squamous epithelium containing three major cell types. [1] Type I pneumocytes (small alveolar cells) are squamous cells across which most gas exchange occurs. [2] Type II pneumocytes (giant alveolar cells) are rounded cells which secrete surfactant. [3] Pulmonary or alveolar macrophages are irregular-shaped monocytederived cells which remove foreign materials from alveoli and small air passageways.
Arrows indicate alveoli arises directly from the respiratory bronchiole. There is simple squamous epithelium and some smooth muscle. PA=pulmonary artery
(b) The lamina propria is very thin loose connective tissue containing scattered fibroblasts and very fine collagenous fibers. Numerous capillaries are present around each alveolus.
Submucosa and "muscularis" externa
Absent in most areas around alveoli, but a few scattered smooth muscle fibers occur around some alveolar ducts.
