The document discusses the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL), which maps higher layer protocols and data into the payload field of ATM cells. The AAL has two sublayers - the Convergence Sublayer (CS) and the Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer. The CS provides services to higher layers, while the SAR segments higher layer data into ATM cells and reassembles cells back into higher layer data. Four main AAL types (AAL1-5) have been defined, each supporting different types of applications and traffic with characteristics like constant bit rate, variable bit rate, connection-oriented, connectionless.
The document discusses the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL), which maps higher layer protocols and data into the payload field of ATM cells. The AAL has two sublayers - the Convergence Sublayer (CS) and the Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer. The CS provides services to higher layers, while the SAR segments higher layer data into ATM cells and reassembles cells back into higher layer data. Four main AAL types (AAL1-5) have been defined, each supporting different types of applications and traffic with characteristics like constant bit rate, variable bit rate, connection-oriented, connectionless.
The document discusses the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL), which maps higher layer protocols and data into the payload field of ATM cells. The AAL has two sublayers - the Convergence Sublayer (CS) and the Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer. The CS provides services to higher layers, while the SAR segments higher layer data into ATM cells and reassembles cells back into higher layer data. Four main AAL types (AAL1-5) have been defined, each supporting different types of applications and traffic with characteristics like constant bit rate, variable bit rate, connection-oriented, connectionless.
The document discusses the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL), which maps higher layer protocols and data into the payload field of ATM cells. The AAL has two sublayers - the Convergence Sublayer (CS) and the Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer. The CS provides services to higher layers, while the SAR segments higher layer data into ATM cells and reassembles cells back into higher layer data. Four main AAL types (AAL1-5) have been defined, each supporting different types of applications and traffic with characteristics like constant bit rate, variable bit rate, connection-oriented, connectionless.
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ATM Adaptation Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer Functions
The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) is designed to support different types of
applications and different types of traffic, such as voice, video, imagery, and data Its basic function is the enhanced adaptation of services provided by the ATM
layer to the requirements of the higher layer
It maps higher layer PDUs into the information field of the ATM cell AAL is divided into the Convergence Sublayer (CS) and the Segmentation and
Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer
The Convergence Sublayer is service dependent and provides the AAL services
at the AAL-SAP The functions of the SAR sublayer are segmentation of higher layer PDUs into
a suitable size for the information field of the ATM cell (48 octets) at the transmitting end and reassembly of the information fields into higher layer PDUs at the receiving end
- Split frames/bit stream into cells for transmission - Reassemble frames/bit stream for receiving - Support multiple protocols Higher Layers ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Convergence Sublayer (CS) Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR) Virtual Channel (VC) Virtual Path (VP) Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TC) Physical Medium Sublayer (PM)
ATM Layer (ATM) Physical Layer (PL)
ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Protocols and Service Classes
To minimize the number of AAL protocols, ITU-T proposed a service
classification specific to the AAL
The classification was made with respect to the following parameters: Timing relationship between sender and receiver Related Not related Bit rate Constant bit rate
Four AAL protocols have been defined to support four AAL service classes AAL service classes Class A
Class B Class C Class D AAL protocols AAL 1 AAL 2 AAL 3/4 AAL 5
ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Services Service Timing between Source and Destination Bit Rate Connection Mode Class A Class B Class C
Class D
Related
Not Related
Constant Connection Oriented Circuit Emulation Constant Bit Rate Video AAL 1
Variable Connectionle ss Connectionoriented Data Transfer AAL 3/4 AAL 2
Examples of Services
Variable Bit Rate Video and Audio
Connectionless Date Transfer
AAL TYPE
AAL 5
AAL3/4 AAL 5
ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Types Five AALs have been accepted for consideration by the
CCITT. AAL 1 is meant for constant-bit-rate services (voice). AAL 2 is meant for variable-bit-rate services with a required timing relationship between source and destination (audio and video). AAL 3 was originally meant for connection-oriented variable bit-rate services without a required timing relationship; it has now been merged with AAL 4. AAL 3/4 and 5 are meant for connectionless services (e.g. connectionless data). Only AALs 3/4 and 5 are of interest for IP networking.
AAL Type 1 Protocol
Supports Class A traffic, i.e., constant bit rate data with specific requirements for
delay, delay jitter, and timing, e.g., PCM voice, CBR video, and emulation of Tcarrier circuits (DS1, DS3) Receives constant bit rate stream with a well defined clock from source and
delivers the same to the destination
Provides for timing recovery (using SRTS), synchronization, and indication of
lost information not recovered by AAL1
Summary of AAL 1 functions Segmentation and reassembly of user information Handling of cell delay variation Handling of cell payload assembly delay Handling lost and misinserted cells Recovery of sending clock frequency at receiver Checking and handling AAL PCI (header) error
ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL 1 Higher layer User data stream
b1
b2
b3
Convergence sublayer 47 47
CS PDUs 47
SAR PDUs SAR sublayer
H H H
47
1 47
47
ATM layer
ATM Cells 48
48
48
AAL Type 1 SAR-PDU
Consists of 1 octet header (PCI) and 47 octets of payload Sequence Number (SN): A 1-bit Convergence Sublayer Indication and
3-bit sequence count to detect deletion or misinsertion of cells Sequence Number Protection (SNP): 3-bit CRC with even parity for detecting and correcting SN error
4 bits SN
4 bits
47 Octets
SNP
SAR-PDU Payload
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Type 1 Sequence Number and Sequence Number Protection
The 4 bit RTS is transferred by the CSI bit in successive SAR-PDU
headers with an odd SN (SN = 1, 3, 5, 7) For P format operations, the CSI value in SAR-PDU headers with an even SN (SN = 0, 2, 4, 6) is set to 1 1 bit Convergence Sublayer Indication (CSI) 3 bits Sequence Number (SN)
3 bit Cyclic Redundancy Check
1 bit Even Parity
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Type 1 CS PDU
Two CS PDU formats Non-P format: No CS header (CS PCI), 47 octet user information
for transfer of unstructured data such as circuit emulation of full DS1 or DS3 P format: 1 octet header (Structure Pointer SP), and 46 octet user information for transfer of octet-aligned data such as N x 64 kbps (e.g., fractional DS1) services 47 Oc te ts AAL Us e r Infor mat ion CS-PDU Non- P For mat
1-Octet SP
46 Octets AAL User Inform ation
CS-PDU P Format
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL1 Supports Circuit Emulation
Synchronous Residual Time Stamp (SRTS) DS1, DS3 Require accurate frequency clock
4-bit Residual Time Stamp (RTS) for clock aligning
RTS is generated once every 8 cell times, carried in CSI
bit of odd cells
Structured Data Transfer (SDT) nxDS0 (64kbps) 1-octect pointer carried in payload once every two cells
(even cells) indicates the offset into the current payload of the first octect of an nxDS0 payload The octect contains 1 reserved bit and 7-bit offset field which points to start of up to 93 octect structure (47+46=93)
AAL Type 2 Protocol
Designed to support Class B (VBR) traffic Supports variable bit rate data where a strong timing relationship
between source and destination is required, e.g., VBR audio and video Data passed to AAL2 from higher layers at the source at fixed intervals and must be passed to the destination at the same rate The amount of data passed to AAL2 may vary with each transfer Supports voice compression Supports idle voice channel deletion Supports multiple user channels with varying bandwidth on a single ATM connection
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Type 2 Packets
AAL2 provides bandwidth-efficient transmission of low-rate, short,
and variable-size packets for delay sensitive applications AAL2 uses one ATM connection between two points to carry packets from multiple native connections The ATM payloads from successive cells of the ATM connection are used as a byte stream on which packets from different native channels, called logical link channels (LLCs), are packed without regard to the cell boundaries A channel identification (CID) field is used in the packet header to identify the LLC to which a packet belongs A length indicator (LI) field is used to identify the boundaries of variable-length LLC packets
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Type 2 Protocol Sublayers
Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) Common Part Sublayer (CPS)
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL 2 Common Part Sublayer
Defines an end-to-end AAL connection as a concatenation of AAL2
channels Each AAL2 channel is a bi-directional virtual channel, with the same channel identifier value for both directions AAL2 channels are established over an ATM layer PVC, SPVC, or SVC Provides basic structure for identifying the users of the AAL Assembling/disassembling the variable payload associated with each individual user Error detection and correction Multiplexing multiple AAL channels (merging multiple streams of CPS packets) onto a single ATM connection Provides QoS through the choice of AAL-SAP for data transfer
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL 2 Structure AAL-SAP
Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS)
SSCS-PDU Header (if present)
SSCS-PDU Payload SSCS-PDU
SSCS-PDU Trailer (if present)
Packet Header (PH)
Packet Payload (PP) Packet
Common Part Sublayer (CPS)
Start Field (STF)
CPS-PDU Payload CPS-PDU
ATM-SAP
ATM Layer
Cell Header
Cell Payload
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ATM Adaptation Layer
Format of AAL2 Packet
CID 8 bits LI 6 bits UUI 5 bits HEC 5 bits Information 1 to 45/64 octets Packet Payload (PP) Packet Header (PH)
Packet
Channel Identification (CID): Uniquely identifies the individual user channel (LLC) within the AAL2, and allows up to 248 (8 - 255) individual users within each AAL2 structure. Length Indicator (LI): Identifies the length of the LLC packet associated with each individual user, and assures conveyance of variable payload. User-to User Indication (UUI): Provides a link between CPS and an appropriate SSCS that satisfies the higher layer application. Different SSCS protocols may be defined to support specific AAL2 user services, or groups of services. The SSCS may also be null.
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ATM Adaptation Layer
Format of AAL2 CPS-PDU
Cell Header 5 octets OSF 6 bits SN P 1 bit 1 bit CPS Information CPS-PDU Payload PAD 0 to 47 octets Start Field
CPS -PDU
Packets are combined into CPS-PDU payload The Offset Field (OSF) identifies the location of the start of the remaining
length of the packet that possibly started in the preceding cell and is continuing in the current cell Data integrity is protected by the Sequence Number (SN) The Start Field is protected from error by a Parity bit (P) When it is necessary to transmit a partially filled cell to limit packet emission delay, the remainder of the cell is padded with all zero octets
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL 2 Service Specific Convergence Sublayer
SSCS is the link between the AAL2 CPS and the higher layer
applications of the individual AAL2 users Standards for SSCS are being developed in ITU-T and ATM Forum A null SSCS satisfies most mobile voice applications
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Type 3/4 Protocol
Supports variable bit rate data where there is no timing relationship
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between source and destination, e.g., X.25, frame relay, and TCP/IP data Supports Class C (connection-oriented) and Class D (connectionless) traffic Convergence sublayer divided into two parts: Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS) Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) SSCS layer may provide assured or non-assured services, or may be null Assured service provides retransmission of missing or corrupted SSCS-PDUs and flow control is mandatory AAL-SDUs may be lost or corrupted for non-assured service and flow control is optional CPCS provides message mode or streaming mode services ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Type 3/4 Protocol Sublayers
Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS) Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS)
Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR)
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL 3/4 Higher layer Service specific convergence sublayer Common part convergence sublayer Information
User message
Assume null
H 4
Information
PAD
T 4
Pad message to multiple of 4 bytes. Add header and trailer.
SAR sublayer
2 44 2
2 44 2 2 44 2
Each SAR-PDU consists of 2-byte header, 2-byte trailer, and 44-byte payload.
4-octet header and 4-octet trailer CPI:00000000 Btag/Etag: Beginning/Ending Tag -- 256 increment counters BAsize: receiving side maximum buffering requirement (>= CPCS-PDU Pad: make CPCS-PDU on 32-bit boundary AL(Alignment): make trailer 32-bit aligned Length: CPCS-PDU size
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL Type 3/4 SAR-PDU
2 bits 4 bits SN 10 bits MID 352 bits SAR-PDU Payload 6 bits LI 10 bits
ST
CRC-10
2-octet header, 44-octet payload, and 2-octet trailer
ST: COM(00),BOM(10),EOM(01),SSM(11) SN: Modulo 16 sequence counter MID (Multiplexing ID) -- Multiplexing multiple CPCS connections on a
single ATM connection
LI: Length <=44 CRC on Cell Header, SAR-PDU payload and LI
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL 5 PDU Structure
The Simple and Efficient Adaptation Layer (SEAL),
attempts to reduce the complexity and overhead of AAL 3/4. It eliminates most of the protocol overhead of AAL 3/4. AAL 5 comprises a convergence sublayer and a SAR sublayer, although the SAR is essentially null. CS-PDU User Information <= 65,535 Octets PAD 0-47 Octets CS-PDU Trailer 8 Octets
Protocol Control 2
Length
CRC 4
AAL Type 5 Protocol
AAL5 is a simple and efficient AAL (SEAL) to perform a subset of the functions
of AAL3/4 The CPCS-PDU payload length can be up to 65,535 octets and must use PAD (0 to
47 octets) to align CPCS-PDU length to a multiple of 48 octets
PAD CPI Length CRC-32 Padding Common Part Indicator CPCS-PDU Payload Length Cyclic Redundancy Chuck
CPCS-UU CPCS User-to-User Indicator
0 - 47 CPCS-PDU Payload PAD
1 CPCS UU
1 CPI
2 Length
4 CRC-32
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL 5 Higher layer Service specific convergence sublayer Common part convergence sublayer Information PAD
Information
Assume null
SAR sublayer
48 (0) 48 (0) 48 (1)
ATM layer PTI = 0 30 PTI = 0
PTI = 1
AAL Type 5 SAR-PDU
CPCS-SDU
CPCS-PDU CPCS-PDU Payload PAD CPCS-PDU Trailer
SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU
SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU
SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU
SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU
SAR-PDU Payload SARPDU
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ATM Adaptation Layer
AAL 5 When a network node has a user datagram to transmit, it
first converts it to a CS-PDU by adding the pad (if necessary) and trailer. Then it breaks the CS-PDU into 48-octet SAR-PDUs and transmits each in an ATM cell on the same virtual channel. Since there is no AAL 5 SAR header, an end-of-frame indication in the ATM cell header is required: SDU type of 1 (binary value 0X1) in the PTI field. The receiver simply concatenates cells as they are received, watching for the end-of-frame indication. The higher layer is responsible for ignoring PDUs with CRC errors. Some applications may discard PDUs with errors; others may choose to use them.
AAL Type 5 Protocol
The CPCS-PDU is divided into 48 octets SAR-PDUs Since CPCS-PDU is 48-octet aligned, there is no need for a length
field in the SAR-PDU The AAL5 SAR-PDU is 48 octets of data with no overhead of SARPDU header or trailer The PTI field of the cell header identifies the beginning or end of the CPCS-PDU PTI = 0X1: End-of-Message (EOM) PTI = 0X0: Beginning-of-Message (B0M), or Continuation-ofMessage (COM)
