Advanced computer Architecture CSE-101 Lecture-1
Architecture & Organization
Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is how features are implemented
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization
All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility
At least backwards
Organization differs between different versions
Computer Architecture = ISA + MO
Instruction Set Architecture
What the executable can see as underlying hardware Logical View
Machine Organization
How the hardware implements ISA ? Physical View
What is Computer Architecture ?
Applications Operating System Compiler Firmware
Instruction set architecture Machine organization
Instr. Set Proc. I/O system
Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design
Layout
Many levels of abstraction
Components of Computer system
peripherals
CPU
I/O
computer
System interconnection
Memory
network
ALU
Registers
CPU
Internal CPU interconnection Cache Memory Control Unit
Generations of Computer
Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
Transistor - 1958-1964
Small scale integration - 1965 on Up to 100 devices on a chi chip Medium scale integration - to 1971 100-3,000 devices on a chip Large scale integration - 1971-1977 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integration 1991 Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Technology Trends
Processor logic capacity: about 30% per year clock rate: about 20% per year Memory DRAM capacity: about 60% per year (4x every 3 years) Memory speed: about 10% per year Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year Disk capacity: about 60% per year Total use of data: 100% per 9 months! Network Bandwidth Bandwidth increasing more than 100% per year!
DRAM chip capacity
DRAM Year Size 1980 64 Kb 1983 256 Kb 1986 1 Mb 1989 4 Mb 1992 16 Mb 1996 64 Mb 1999 256 Mb 2002 1 Gb
Microprocessor Logic Density
100000000
10000000 R10000 Pentium R4400 1000000 i80486
Transistors
i80386 100000 i80286 R3010
i8086 10000
SU MIPS
i80x86 M68K MIPS Alpha
i4004 1000 1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Technology Trends
Moores law: number of transistors doubles every 24 months
Trends of this decade (early 2000s)
Technology
Very large dynamic RAM: 256 Mbits to 1Gb and beyond Large fast static RAM: 16 MB, 5ns
Complete systems on a chip
100+ million transistors (approaching 1 billion)
Parallelism
Superscalar, Superpipelined, Vector, Multiprocessors? Processor Arrays? Multicore/manycore!
Special-Purpose Architectures
GPUs, mp3 players, nanocomputers
Reconfigurable Computers?
Wearable computers
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Trends of this decade (early 2000s)
Low Power
50% of PCs portable now (?) Hand held communicators Performance per watt, battery life Transmeta Asynchronous (clockless) design
Communication (I/O)
Many applications I/O limited, not computation Computation scaling, but memory, I/O bandwidth not keeping pace
Multimedia
New interface technologies Video, speech, handwriting, virtual reality,
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Computer Architecture is Design and Analysis
De sign
Architecture is an iterative process: Searching the space of possible designs At all levels of computer systems
Analysis
Creativity Cost / Performance Analysis
Bad Ideas
Mediocre Ideas
Good Ideas
Performance Metrics
Response Time
Delay between start end end time of a task
Throughput
Numbers of tasks per given time
