Unit 1: Basic Economic Concepts
REVIEW
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Explain relationship between scarcity and choices Differentiate between positive & normative Differentiate between price and cost Give the equation for profit Differentiate between consumer and capital goods Give examples of each of the 4 Factors of Production 7. Define tradeoffs 8. Define opportunity cost 9. Differentiate between accounting costs and economic costs 10.Name 10 different teachers at SPHS?
The Economizing Problem Scarcity
Society has unlimited wants but unlimited resources
WE HAVE A PROBLEM!!
The Production Possibilities Curve (PPC)
Using Economic Models
Step 1: Explain concept in words Step 2: Use numbers as examples Step 3: Generate graphs from numbers Step 4: Make generalizations using graph
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What is the Production Possibilities Curve?
A production possibilities graph (PPG) is a model that shows alternative ways that an economy can use its scarce resources This model graphically demonstrates scarcity, trade-offs, opportunity costs, and efficiency.
4 Key Assumptions Only two goods can be produced Full employment of resources Fixed Resources (Ceteris Paribus) Fixed Technology
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Production Possibilities Table
Bikes Computers
A 14 0
B 12 2
C 9 4
D 5 6
E 0 8
f 0 10
Each point represents a specific combination of goods that can be produced given full employment of resources.
NOW GRAPH IT: Put bikes on y-axis and computers on x-axis
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Production Possibilities
How does the PPG graphically demonstrates scarcity, trade-offs, opportunity costs, and efficiency?
Impossible/Unattainable
14
12
A B
(given current resources)
Bikes
10
C
Efficient
8
6 4
D
Inefficient/ Unemployment
E
0
10
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Computers
Opportunity Cost
Example:
1. The opportunity cost of moving from a to b is 2 Bikes 2.The opportunity cost of moving from b to d is 7 Bikes
3.The opportunity cost of moving from d to b is 4 Computer
4.The opportunity cost of moving from f to c is 0 Computers 5.What can you say about point G? Unattainable
The Production Possibilities Curve (or Frontier)
Production Possibilities
A B C D E
CALZONES PIZZA
4 0
3 1
2 2
1 3
0 4
List the Opportunity Cost of moving from a-b, b-c, c-d, and d-e. Constant Opportunity Cost- Resources are easily adaptable for producing either good. Result is a straight line PPC (not common)
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Production Possibilities
A B C D E
PIZZA ROBOTS
20 0
19 1
16 2
10 3
0 4
List the Opportunity Cost of moving from a-b, b-c, c-d, and d-e. Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost As you produce more of any good, the opportunity cost (forgone production of another good) will increase. Why? Resources are NOT easily adaptable to producing both goods. Result is a bowed out (Concave) PPC
Constant vs. Increasing Opportunity Cost
Identify which product would have a straight line PPC and which would be bowed out?
Corn Cactus
Wheat
Pineapples
PER UNIT Opportunity Cost
How much each marginal = Opportunity Cost unit costs Units Gained
Example:
1. The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from a to b is 1 Bike 2.The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from b to c is 1.5 (3/2) Bikes 3.The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from c to d is 2 Bikes 4.The PER UNIT opportunity cost of moving from d to e is 2.5 (5/2) Bikes
NOTICE: Increasing Opportunity Costs
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The Production Possibilities Curve and Efficiency
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Two Types of Efficiency
Productive Efficiency Products are being produced in the least costly way. This is any point ON the Production Possibilities Curve Allocative Efficiency The products being produced are the ones most desired by society. This optimal point on the PPC depends on the desires of society.
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Productive and Allocative Efficiency
Which points are productively efficient? Which are allocatively efficient?
14
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A B G
Productively Efficient combinations are A through D Allocative Efficient combinations depend on the wants of society
(What if this represents a country with no electricity?)
D
Bikes
10
8
6 4
E F
2
0
10
16
Computers
Why two types of efficiency?
Is combination A efficient?
Yes and No. It is productively efficient but it is not the combination society wants Size 20 running shoes
Size 10 running shoes
Shifting the Production Possibilities Curve
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Production Possibilities
4 Key Assumptions Revisited Only two goods can be produced Full employment of resources
Fixed Resources (4 Factors) Fixed Technology
What if there is a change?
3 Shifters of the PPC
1. Change in resource quantity or quality 2. Change in Technology 3. Change in Trade
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Production Possibilities What happens if there is an increase in population?
Robots
Pizzas
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Production Possibilities What happens if there is an increase in population?
Robots
Pizzas
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Production Possibilities
What if there is a technology improvement in pizza ovens
Robots
Pizzas
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Production Possibilities
What if there is a technology improvement in pizza ovens
Robots
Pizzas
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Capital Goods and Future Growth
Countries that produce more capital goods will have more growth in the future.
Panama Favors Consumer Goods
Current PPC Capital Goods Capital Goods Future PPC
Mexico Favors Capital Goods
Future PPC
Current PPC Consumer goods
Consumer goods
Panama
Mexico
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PPC Practice
Draw a PPC showing changes for each of the following:
Pizza and Robots (3) 1. New robot making technology 2. Decrease in the demand for pizza 3. Mad cow disease kills 85% of cows Consumer goods and Capital Goods (4) 4. Destruction of power plants leads to severe electricity shortage 5. Faster computer hardware 6. Many workers unemployed 7. Significant increases in education
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Question #1 New robot making technology
Q A shift only for Robots Robots
Pizzas
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Question #2
Decrease in the demand for pizza
Q The curve doesnt shift! A change in demand doesnt shift the curve
Robots
Pizzas
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Question #3 Mad cow disease kills 85% of cows
Q A shift inward only for Pizza
Robots
Pizzas
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Question #4 BP Oil Spill in the Gulf
Capital Goods (Guns) Q
Decrease in resources decrease production possibilities for both
Consumer Goods (Butter)
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Question #5 Faster computer hardware
Capital Goods (Guns) Q Quality of a resource improves shifting the curve outward
Consumer Goods (Butter)
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Question #6 Many workers unemployed
Capital Goods (Guns) Q The curve doesnt shift! Unemployment is just a point inside the curve
Consumer Goods (Butter)
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Question #7 Significant increases in education
Capital Goods (Guns) Q
The quality of labor is improved. Curve shifts outward.
Consumer Goods (Butter)
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Paul Solman Video
Production Possibilities
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