Chapter 4 RISK AND RETURN
Two Sides of the Investment Coin
OUTLINE
Return Risk Measuring Historical Return Measuring Historical Risk
Measuring Expected (Ex Ante) Return and Risk
Return
Return is the primary motivating force that drives
investment. The return of an investment consists of two components:
Current return
Capital return
Risk
Risk refers to the possibility that the actual outcome of an investment will deviate from its expected outcome. The three major sources of risk are : business risk, interest rate risk, and market risk.
Modern portfolio theory looks at risk from a different perspective. It divides total risk as follows.
Total risk
Unique risk
Market risk
Measuring Historical Return
TOTAL RETURN C + (PE - PB) R = PB RETURN RELATIVE C + PE RETURN RELATIVE = PB CUMULATIVE WEALTH INDEX CWIn = WI0 (1+R1) (1+R2) (1+Rn)
ARITHMETIC RETURN n Ri R = t =1 n GEOMETRIC RETURN GM = [ (1+R ) (1+R ) (1+Rn)] 1/n - 1
1+GEOMETRIC MEAN
1+ARITHMETIC MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
THE CHOICE BETWEEN A.M. AND G.M. A.M MORE APPROPRIATE MEASURE OF AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OVER SINGLE PERIOD G.M IS A BETTER MEASURE OF GROWTH IN WEALTH OVER TIME 1 + NOMINAL RETURN REAL RETURN = 1 + INFLATION RATE -1
Arithmetic Vs. Geometric Mean
CAPM ADDITIVE MODEL CAPM EXPECTED EQUITY RISK PREMIUM MUST BE DERIVED BY ARITHMETIC, NOT GEOMETRIC, SUBTRACTION THE A.M RATE OF RETURN, WHICH, WHEN COMPOUNDED OVER MULTIPLE PERIODS GIVES THE MEAN OF THE PROB. DISTRNS OF ENDING WEALTH
1.69 1.30 1 0.90 YEAR 1 0.81 YEAR 2 1.17
A.M G.M
0.5 x 30% - 0.5 x 10% = [(1.30) (0.90)]1/2 =
= 10% 8.2%
THE EXPECTED VALUE, OR PROBABILITY - WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF ALL POSSIBLE OUTCOMES IS EQUAL TO:
(0.25) x 1.69 + (0.5) x 1.17 + (0.25) x 0.81 = 1.21
NOW THE RATE THAT MUST BE COMPOUNDED UP TO ACHIEVE A TERMINAL WEALTH OF 1.21 AFTER 2 YEARS IS 10% (THE A.M NOT .. GM) IN THE INVESTMENT MARKETS, WHERE RETURNS ARE DESCRIBED BY A PROB. DISTRN, THE A.M. IS THE MEASURE THAT ACCOUNTS FOR UNCERTAINTY, AND IS THE APPROPRIATE ONE FOR ESTIMATING DISCOUNT RATES AND COST OF CAPITAL
Measuring Historical Risk
n (Ri - R)2 t =1
=
1/2
PERIOD 1 2 3 4 5 6
n -1
RETURN Ri 15 12 20 -10 14 9 Ri = 60 R = 10 (Ri - R)2 = 107.2 DEVIATAION (Ri - R) 5 2 10 -20 4 -1 SQUARE OF DEVIATION (Ri - R)2 25 4 100 400 16 1 (Ri - R)2 = 536
2 =
= [107.2]1/2 = 10.4
n -1
Critique & Defence Of Variance (And S.D.)
CRITIQUE
1. VARIANCE CONSIDERS ALL DEVIATIONS, NEGATIVE AS WELL AS POSITIVE 2. WHEN THE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION IS NOT SYMMETRICAL AROUND ITS EXPECTED VALUE, VARIANCE ALONE DOES NOT SUFFICE. IN ADDITION, THE SKEWNESS OF THE DISTRIBUTION SHOULD BE CONSIDERED.
DEFENCE
1. IF A VARIABLE IS NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED AND CAPTURE ALL INFORMATION 2. IF UTILITY OF MONEY QUADRATIC FUNCTION EXPECTED UTILITY .. f (, ) 3. STANDARD DEVIATION ANALYTICALLY MORE EASILY TRACTABLE.
Risk and Returns of Financial Assets
In The U.S. Over 75 Years (1926-2000)
In general, investors are risk-averse. Hence risky investments must offer higher expected returns than less risky investments
Portfolio Treasury bills Government bonds Corporate bonds Average Annual Rate of Return (%) 3.9 5.7 6.0 Standard Deviation (%) 3.2 9.4 8.7
Common stocks (S&P 500)
Small-firm common stock
13.0
17.3
20.2
33.4
Risk Premiums
EQUITY RISK PREMIUM
BOND HORIZON PREMIUM
BOND DEFAULT PREMIUM
Measuring Expected (Ex Ante) Return And Risk
EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN n E (R) = i=1
pi Ri
STANDARD DEVIATION OF RETURN = [ pi (Ri - E(R) )2] Bharat Foods Stock i. State of the Economy 1. Boom 2. Normal 3. Recession pi Ri piRi Ri-E(R) (Ri-E(R))2 pi(Ri-E(R))2
0.30 16 4.8 4.5 20.25 6.075 0.50 11 5.5 -0.5 0.25 0.125 0.20 6 1.2 -5.5 30.25 6.050 E(R ) = piRi = 11.5 pi(Ri E(R))2 =12.25 = [pi(Ri-E(R))2]1/2 = (12.25)1/2 = 3.5%
Normal Distribution
68.3%
95.4% 2 S.D. 1 S.D.
Expected return
+1 S.D.
+2 S.D.
Possible return
SUMMING UP
For earning returns investors have to almost invariably
bear some risk. While investors like returns they abhor risk. Investment decisions therefore involve a tradeof between risk and return.
The total return on an investment for a given period is :
R = C + (PE PB) PB
The return relative is defined as:
Return relative = C + PE
PB
The cumulative wealth index captures the cumulative
effect of total returns. It is calculated as follows:
CWIn = WI0 (1 + R1) (1+ R2) (1+ Rn)
The arithmetic mean of a series of returns is defined as:
n Ri i=1 R = n
The geometric mean of a series of returns is defined as:
GM = [1+ R1) (1+ R2).(1+ Rn) ]1/n 1
The arithmetic mean is a more appropriate measure of
average performance over a single period. The
geometric mean is a better measure of growth in wealth
over time.
The real return is defined as: 1+ Nominal return
-1
1+ Inflation rate
The most commonly used measures of risk in finance are
variance or its square root the standard deviation. The
standard deviation of a historical series of returns is calculated as follows:
n (Ri R) 2 t=1 n-1
1/2
Risk premium may be defined as the additional return
investors expect to get for assuming additional risk.
contd
There are three well known risk premiums: equity risk premium, bond horizon premium, and bond default premium. The expected rate of return on a stock is: n E(R) = piRi i=1 The standard deviation of return is: 2 = ( pi (Ri E(R)2 )
1/2
