Dimorphism Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37C and moldlike at 25C
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Figure 12.2 Characteristics of fungal hyphae.
Cell wall
Pore Nuclei Spore Septum
Septate hypha
Coenocytic hypha
Growth of a hypha from a spore
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Figure 12.4 A budding yeast.
Bud Parent cell
Bud scar
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Figure 12.6a Representative asexual spores.
Conidia
Conidiophore
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Figure 12.6b Representative asexual spores.
Arthrospores
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Figure 12.6c Representative asexual spores.
Pseudohypha
Blastoconidia
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Figure 12.6d Representative asexual spores.
Chlamydoconidium
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Figure 12.6e Representative asexual spores.
Sporangiospores
Sporangiophore
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Sexual Reproduction Three phases: Plasmogamy: haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell () Karyogamy: + and nuclei fuse Meiosis: diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)
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Sexual Spores Zygospore: fusion of haploid cells produces one zygospore Ascospore: formed in a sac (ascus) Basidiospore: formed externally on a pedestal (basidium)
Systemic mycoses: deep within body Subcutaneous mycoses: beneath the skin Cutaneous mycoses: affect hair, skin, and nails Superficial mycoses: localized, e.g., hair shafts Opportunistic mycoses: caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi
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Lichens Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast
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Figure 12.11a Lichens.
Fruticose
Foliose
Crustose
Three types of lichens
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Figure 12.11b Lichens.
Fungus Alga
Cortex
Algal layer Medulla Fungal hyphae
Cortex Rhizine
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Economic Effects of Lichens
Dyes Antimicrobial (Usnea) Litmus
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Algae Kingdom Nutritional Type Multicellularity Cellular Arrangement Food Acquisition Method Protista Photoautotroph Some Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, tissues Diffusion
Characteristic Features
Pigments
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Figure 12.12a Algae and their habitats.
Sublittoral zone Unicellular green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates Green algae, Littoral cyanobacteria, zone euglenoids
SURFACE Red
LAND
Multicellular green algae
Orange
Brown algae
Yellow
Violet
Blue
Red algae
Algal habitats 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.12 Algae and their habitats.
Pneumatocyst Blade
Stipe
Brown alga (Macrocystis)
Red alga (Microcladia)
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Figure 12.13a Green algae.
Multicellular green alga (Ulva)
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Figure 12.14a Diatoms.
Eunotia, a freshwater diatom that grows in acidic water
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Figure 12.15 Peridinium, a dinoflagellate.
Flagellum
Flagellum
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Phaeophyta Brown algae (kelp) Cellulose and alginic acid cell walls Multicellular Chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls Store carbohydrates Harvested for algin
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Rhodophyta Red algae Cellulose cell walls Most are multicellular Chlorophyll a and d, phycobiliproteins Store glucose polymer Harvested for agar and carrageenan
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Chlorophyta Green algae Cellulose cell walls Unicellular or multicellular Chlorophyll a and b Store glucose polymer Gave rise to plants
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Diatoms Pectin and silica cell walls Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls Store oil Fossilized diatoms formed oil Produce domoic acid
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Figure 12.14 Diatoms.
Eunotia, a freshwater diatom that grows in acidic water
Asexual reproduction of a diatom
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Dinoflagellates Cellulose in plasma membrane Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins Store starch Some are symbionts in marine animals Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
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Figure 12.15 Peridinium, a dinoflagellate.
Flagellum
Flagellum
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Oomycota Cellulose cell walls Multicellular Chemoheterotrophic Produce zoospores Decomposers and plant parasites Phytophthora infestans responsible for Irish potato blight P. cinnamoni infects Eucalyptus P. ramorum causes sudden oak death
Water molds
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Protozoa Kingdom Nutritional Type Multicellularity Cellular Arrangement Food Acquisition Method Characteristic Features Various Chemoheterotroph None Unicellular Absorptive; ingestive Motility; some form cysts
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Characteristics of Protozoa Vegetative form is a trophozoite Asexual reproduction is by fission, budding, or schizogony Sexual reproduction by conjugation Some produce cysts
Figure 12.17 Conjugation in the ciliate protozoan Paramecium.
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
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Figure 12.23 The life cycle of a plasmodial slime mold.
10
Zygote develops by nuclear division and cell growth.
Multinucleate plasmodium forms.
Haploid gametes fuse, producing zygote.
Sexual reproduction 8
Plasmodium grows, distributing nutrients by cytoplasmic streaming.
Gamete germinates from spore.
Channel of cytoplasmic streaming
Spores are released.
Sporangia
Asexual reproduction
Plasmodium separates into groups of protoplasm.
Stalk 4 6
Each group forms sporangia on stalks.
Nuclei in spores go through meiosis, forming gametes.
Spores develop in sporangia.
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Helminths Kingdom Nutritional Type Multicellularity Cellular Arrangement Food Acquisition Method Characteristic Features Animalia Chemoheterotroph All Tissues and organs Ingestive; absorptive Elaborate life cycles
